Developmental psychology Flashcards
(192 cards)
1
Q
When are the foundations of adult health laid down?
A
In prenatal development and childhood.
2
Q
What are the types of development?
A
Physical development, cognitive development, socio-emotional development.
3
Q
What is physical development?
A
A developmental process referring to the physical growth of a person’s body, affecting height, weight, and internal body systems.
4
Q
What is the prenatal period?
A
The time from conception to birth, usually lasting 9 months.
5
Q
What is the germinal stage of prenatal development?
A
The first two weeks after fertilization, during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins implantation.
6
Q
How does a zygote form?
A
A zygote forms when sperm and egg fuse during fertilization.
7
Q
What happens to the zygote during the germinal stage?
A
It divides into a number of identical cells through mitosis.
8
Q
What happens 4 days after conception?
A
The cell mass, now about 100 cells, emerges from the fallopian tube into the uterus.
9
Q
What is determined during conception?
A
Our genetic heritage.
10
Q
Who discovered that a sperm cell and an ovum create a zygote when they fuse?
A
Casper Friedrich Wolff.
11
Q
What is the embryonic stage?
A
The second stage of prenatal development, lasting from 2 weeks until 8 weeks.
12
Q
What is an embryo?
A
A cell mass implanted in the uterus during the embryonic stage.
13
Q
Which two critical ‘life support’ systems develop during prenatal development?
A
The placenta and the umbilical cord.
14
Q
What is the placenta?
A
An organ that transfers nutrients from the mother to the developing infant through the umbilical cord.
15
Q
Which vessels in the umbilical cord carry oxygen and nutrients to the embryo?
A
The arteries.
16
Q
Which vessels carry waste products such as carbon dioxide and urea away from the embryo?
A
The veins.
17
Q
Why does the embryo multiply rapidly?
A
To begin differentiating into cells that will become body parts and organs.
18
Q
How long is the embryo by the end of the embryonic stage?
A
About 2 cm long.
19
Q
What happens to the embryo during the embryonic stage?
A
Its heart begins beating, and it becomes recognizable as a human.
20
Q
Where is the embryo contained?
A
In a sac in the mother’s uterus filled with amniotic fluid.
21
Q
What is the function of the sac and amniotic fluid?
A
To cushion and protect the embryo.
22
Q
When does the foetal stage occur?
A
From 8 weeks after conception until birth.
23
Q
What is the foetal stage?
A
The third stage of prenatal development.
24
Q
When do male and female sex organs develop?
A
During months 3-4 of prenatal development.
25
When can the mother feel foetal movements?
From 4 months onwards.
26
When can the foetus respond to sound and orientate to the mother's movement?
Around the beginning of month 5.
27
What happens towards the end of month 5?
The cerebral cortex, responsible for complex conscious thought, is completed.
28
When do the foetus’s eyelids begin to open, and eyes start moving, along with breathing and crying abilities?
During the 6th month.
29
What is the foetus’s brain able to do by month 7?
It can control breathing, swallowing, and body temperature.
30
What can the foetus do around month 7?
It has nerve cell capacity to hear, smell, taste, and vocalize.
31
Which survival reflexes are established before birth?
Reaching, grasping, and sucking.
32
When is a foetus considered viable?
By week 26 (6 months).
33
What is premature birth?
The birth of a foetus before 37 weeks of gestation, increasing risks of school and behavioral problems and psychiatric disorders in adulthood.
34
What happens in month 9 of pregnancy?
The foetus becomes so large that its movements are restricted. It curls into the classic foetal position and usually settles head-down in preparation for birth.
35
Why is the mother considered the foetus’s external environment?
Because her body surrounds the foetus and is connected to it via the placenta.
36
What are teratogens?
Agents such as diseases, drugs, and environmental factors that can cause harm to the embryo or foetus during prenatal development.
37
What are examples of teratogens?
Prescription drugs, diabetes, radiation, cocaine, rubella, tik, alcohol, dagga, malaria, tobacco, HIV/AIDS.
38
What maternal conditions affect the foetus?
The mother's physical, social, and psychological conditions and behaviors.
39
What is important for normal foetal development?
A variety of nutrients.
40
What are the effects of maternal malnutrition before and after pregnancy?
Increased risk of birth complications, low birth weight, and neurological deficits.
41
What is development?
Changes that occur in an individual from conception until death.
42
What is infancy?
The first 2 years of life.
43
What is early childhood?
From 2 to 6 years old.
44
What is middle childhood?
From 6 years old to puberty.
45
What is adolescence?
From puberty to 19 years old.
46
What is early adulthood?
From 20 to 39 years old.
47
What is middle adulthood?
From 40 to 59 years old.
48
What is late adulthood?
From 60 years old and beyond.
49
What is nature vs nurture?
The interaction of biological (genetic) and environmental factors in shaping development.
50
What is an example of nature vs nurture?
Identical twins Jack and Oscar were separated after their parents’ divorce. Jack was raised by his German mother and became a Nazi youth, while Oscar was raised by his Jewish father in Trinidad and grew to hate Nazis.
51
What does Jack and Oscar’s example show?
It demonstrates that both nature and nurture influence development.
52
When are the foundations of adult health laid down?
In prenatal development and childhood.
53
What are the 3 types of development?
Physical development, cognitive development, socio-emotional development.
54
Physical Development
A developmental process that refers to the physical growth of a person's body; this growth affects height, weight, and internal body systems.
55
Prenatal period
The time from conception to birth (Usually 9 months).
56
The germinal stage of prenatal development
First two weeks after fertilization, during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining.
57
How does a zygote form?
When sperm and egg fuse during fertilization.
58
What happens to the zygote during the germinal stage?
The zygote divides into a number of identical cells through mitosis.
59
What happens 4 days after conception?
The cell mass, now comprising about 100 cells, emerges from the fallopian tube into the uterus.
60
What is determined during conception?
Our genetic heritage.
61
Who figured out that a sperm cell and an ovum create a zygote when they fuse?
Casper Friedrich Wolff.
62
The embryonic stage
The second stage of prenatal development which lasts from 2 weeks until 8 weeks.
63
What is an embryo?
A cell mass that is implanted in the uterus during the embryonic stage.
64
Which 2 critical "life support" systems develop?
The placenta and the umbilical cord.
65
What is the placenta?
An organ from which the infant receives nutrients from its mother through the umbilical cord.
66
Which vessels in the umbilical cord carry oxygen and nutrients to the embryo?
The arteries.
67
Which vessels carry waste products such as carbon dioxide and urea away from the embryo to be disposed of by the mother's body?
The veins.
68
Why does the embryo multiply rapidly?
To begin differentiating into the kinds of cells that will eventually become the organism's body parts and organs.
69
How long is the embryo by the end of the embryonic stage?
It's about 2cm long.
70
What happens to the embryo during this stage?
Its heart is already beating, and it is recognizable as a human being.
71
Where is the embryo contained?
In a sac in the mother's uterus that is filled with amniotic fluid.
72
What is the function of the sac and the amniotic fluid?
It's meant to cushion and protect the embryo.
73
When does the foetal stage occur?
From 8 weeks after conception until birth.
74
What is the foetal stage?
It's the third stage of prenatal development.
75
When do the male and female sex organs develop?
During months 3-4.
76
From when can the mother feel foetal movements?
From 4 months onwards.
77
When can the foetus respond to sound and orientate themselves to their mother's movement?
Roughly around the beginning of month 5.
78
What happens towards the end of month 5?
The part of the brain that is responsible for complex conscious thought—the cerebral cortex—is completed.
79
When do the foetus's eyelids begin to open, and eyes begin to move as well as breathe and cry?
During the 6th month.
80
What is the foetus's brain able to do by month 7?
The foetus's brain is able to control breathing, swallowing, and body temperature.
81
What else can the foetus do around month 7?
The foetus has nerve cell capacity to hear, smell, taste, and to vocalize.
82
Which survival reflexes are established?
Reaching, grasping, and sucking.
83
When is a foetus considered viable?
By week 26 (6 months).
84
Premature birth
The birth of a foetus before 37 weeks of gestation. Risks include increased school and behavioral problems as well as psychiatric disorders as adults.
85
What happens in month 9?
The foetus is so large that its movements become restricted, and it curls up into the classic foetal position and usually settles in a head-down position in preparation for birth.
86
Why does the mother become the foetus's external environment?
Because the mother's body surrounds the foetus/embryo and is inextricably linked via the placenta.
87
Teratogens
Agents, such as diseases, drugs, and other environmental factors, that can reach the embryo or fetus during prenatal development and cause harm.
88
Examples of Teratogens
Prescription drugs, diabetes, radiation, cocaine, rubella, Tik, alcohol, dagga, malaria, tobacco, HIV/AIDS.
89
What affects the foetus/embryo?
The physical, social, and psychological conditions and behavior of the mother.
90
What is important for the foetus to receive to ensure normal development?
A variety of nutrients.
91
Maternal malnutrition before and after pregnancy increases the risk of what?
Birth complications, low birth weight, neurological deficits.
92
What is development?
Changes that occur in an individual from conception until death.
93
Infancy
The first 2 years of life.
94
Early childhood
From 2 to 6 years.
95
Middle childhood
From 6 to puberty.
96
Adolescence
From puberty to 19 years old.
97
Early adulthood
From 20 to 39 years old.
98
Middle adulthood
From 40 to 59 years old.
99
Late adulthood
60+ years old.
100
What is nature vs nurture?
Biological (genetics) and environmental factors interact to shape development.
101
An example of nature vs nurture?
Jack and Oscar are identical twins with the same set of genes. Their parents get divorced and Jack leaves with his German mother, while Oscar leaves with his Jewish father to Trinidad. Jack is raised to become a Nazi youth, and Oscar is raised to hate Nazis.
102
What does Jack and Oscar's example show?
It shows that both nature and nurture play a role in development.
103
When are the foundations of adult health laid down?
In prenatal development and childhood.
104
Types of development
Physical development, Cognitive development, Socio-emotional development.
105
Physical Development
A developmental process that refers to the physical growth of a person's body, affecting height, weight, and internal body systems.
106
Prenatal period
The time from conception to birth (usually 9 months).
107
Germinal stage of prenatal development
The first two weeks after fertilization, during which the zygote moves down to the uterus and begins to implant in the lining.
108
How does a zygote form?
When sperm and egg fuse during fertilization.
109
What happens to the zygote during the germinal stage?
The zygote divides into a number of identical cells through mitosis.
110
What happens 4 days after conception?
The cell mass, now comprising about 100 cells, emerges from the fallopian tube into the uterus.
111
What is determined during conception?
Our genetic heritage.
112
Who discovered that a sperm cell and an ovum create a zygote when they fuse?
Casper Friedrich Wolff.
113
Embryonic stage
The second stage of prenatal development, lasting from 2 weeks until 8 weeks.
114
What is an embryo?
A cell mass that is implanted in the uterus during the embryonic stage.
115
Which two critical "life support" systems develop during the embryonic stage?
The placenta and the umbilical cord.
116
Placenta
An organ that transfers nutrients from the mother to the embryo through the umbilical cord.
117
Which vessels in the umbilical cord carry oxygen and nutrients to the embryo?
The arteries.
118
Which vessels carry waste products such as carbon dioxide and urea away from the embryo to be disposed of by the mother's body?
The veins.
119
Why does the embryo multiply rapidly?
To begin differentiating into the kinds of cells that will eventually become the organism's body parts and organs.
120
How long is the embryo by the end of the embryonic stage?
About 2 cm long.
121
What happens to the embryo during the embryonic stage?
Its heart is already beating, and it is recognizable as a human being.
122
Where is the embryo contained?
In a sac in the mother's uterus filled with amniotic fluid.
123
Function of the amniotic sac and fluid
To cushion and protect the embryo.
124
When does the foetal stage occur?
From 8 weeks after conception until birth.
125
Foetal stage
The third stage of prenatal development.
126
When do male and female sex organs develop?
During months 3-4.
127
From when can the mother feel foetal movements?
From 4 months onwards.
128
When can the foetus respond to sound and orient itself to its mother's movement?
Around the beginning of month 5.
129
What happens towards the end of month 5?
The cerebral cortex, responsible for complex conscious thought, is completed.
130
When do the foetus’s eyelids begin to open, and eyes begin to move, as well as breath and cry?
During the 6th month.
131
What is the foetus’s brain able to do by month 7?
Control breathing, swallowing, and body temperature.
132
What else can the foetus do around month 7?
Hear, smell, taste, and vocalize.
133
Which survival reflexes are established before birth?
Reaching, grasping, and sucking.
134
When is a foetus considered viable?
By week 26 (6 months).
135
Premature birth
The birth of a foetus before 37 weeks of gestation. It increases risks of school and behavioral problems, as well as psychiatric disorders in adulthood.
136
What happens in month 9?
The foetus becomes so large that its movements are restricted, curls up into the classic foetal position, and usually settles in a head-down position in preparation for birth.
137
Why does the mother become the foetus’s external environment?
Because the mother's body surrounds the foetus/embryo and is inextricably linked via the placenta.
138
Teratogens
Agents such as diseases, drugs, and other environmental factors that can reach the embryo or foetus during prenatal development and cause harm.
139
Examples of teratogens
Prescription drugs, diabetes, radiation, cocaine, rubella, alcohol, tobacco, malaria, HIV/AIDS, Tik, dagga.
140
What affects the foetus/embryo’s development?
The physical, social, and psychological conditions and behavior of the mother.
141
What is important for the foetus to receive to ensure normal development?
A variety of nutrients.
142
Maternal malnutrition before and after pregnancy increases the risk of what?
Birth complications, low birth weight, and neurological deficits.
143
Development
Changes that occur in an individual from conception until death.
144
Infancy
The first 2 years of life.
145
Early childhood
From 2 to 6 years.
146
Middle childhood
From 6 to puberty.
147
Adolescence
From puberty to 19 years old.
148
Early adulthood
From 20 to 39 years old.
149
Middle adulthood
From 40 to 59 years old.
150
Late adulthood
60+ years old.
151
Nature vs. nurture
The interaction of biological (genetic) and environmental factors in shaping development.
152
Example of nature vs. nurture
Identical twins Jack and Oscar, raised in different environments, develop opposing beliefs and behaviors.
153
What does Jack and Oscar’s example show?
Both nature and nurture play a role in development.
154
FAS
Foetal Alcohol Syndrome.
155
What is Foetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)?
A characteristic pattern of abnormalities associated with alcohol intake during pregnancy.
156
Abnormalities caused by FAS
Poor growth, central nervous system damage, and characteristic facial features.
157
Symptoms of FAS
Low nasal bridge, epicanthal folds, short palpebral fissures, flat midface, short nose, thin upper lip, micrognathia, indistinct philtrum, minor ear abnormalities.
158
Which country has one of the highest rates of FAS?
South Africa.
159
Who gets FAS?
Infants born to heavy drinkers.
160
Prevention of FAS
Abstinence from alcohol during pregnancy, community education, prenatal screening, improved maternal nutrition, and reducing poverty.
161
Neonatal period
Spans approximately the first 2 to 4 weeks after birth.
162
How many reflexes do newborns have?
Over 20 involuntary movements/reflexes.
163
Why are reflexes important?
They protect us from harm (survival instinct).
164
What does the absence of reflexes indicate?
Possible neurological problems.
165
Perceptual development
The gradual development of the senses and the interpretation of sensory information.
166
What did research on neonates reveal?
Neonates can receive information from their senses.
167
Vision in newborns
The visual system is present but not fully developed, making their vision blurry and limiting focus.
168
How far can newborns see objects from?
About 21 cm away.
169
What do babies show a preference for looking at?
Faces rather than other stimuli.
170
Hearing in newborns
Newborns can distinguish between human speech sounds and show a preference for their mother's voice.
171
Taste buds in newborns
Neonates have a well-developed sense of smell and prefer sweet smells over sour ones.
172
What is the preschool period also called?
Early childhood.
173
Preschool period/Early childhood
Spans from 2 to 6 years old.
174
What characterizes the preschool period?
Rapid growth in the first 2 years, followed by slower growth between ages 2 to 6.
175
Growth patterns in infants
Cephalocaudal development trend and proximodistal development trend.
176
Cephalocaudal development trend
Development from head to toe.
177
Proximodistal development trend
Development from the center outward.
178
Which part of the child grows the fastest during the first year?
The trunk.
179
What should babies be exclusively fed for 6 months to ensure good nutrition?
Breast milk.
180
What changes during the preschool period?
Body proportions.
181
What can babies do from month 2 to 4?
Lift their head.
182
What can babies do from month 6 to 7?
Sit without support.
183
What can babies do from month 5 to 10?
Stand with support.
184
What can babies do from month 10 to 14?
Stand without support.
185
What can babies do by month 8 to 18?
Walk with support.
186
How big is the head by age 2?
1/4 of total body size.
187
How big is the head by age 5?
1/6 of total body size.
188
How big is the brain by age 1?
It increases from 25% of its adult weight at birth to about 50% of its adult weight.
189
What does the nervous system develop during infancy?
Dense neural networks.
190
Cognitive development
Age-related changes in mental activities such as attention, perception, learning, thinking, and memory.
191
What can stunt brain growth and development?
Malnutrition.
192
When do infants develop a basic understanding of the world?
During the first 2 years.
