Intro to psych Flashcards
(135 cards)
1
Q
What is psychology?
A
The scientific study of behaviour, cognition, and emotion. Also, a system of beliefs about who we are and how we arrive at those beliefs.
2
Q
How can trauma affect the body?
A
Trauma can embed itself in the body even if we do not think about it.
3
Q
What is discourse in psychology?
A
A way of talking about ourselves that affects how we experience ourselves.
4
Q
What is critical thinking?
A
The ability to assess knowledge claims by considering evidence, weighing arguments, and evaluating research methods.
5
Q
Are psychological terms neutral?
A
No, psychological terms are not neutral, as they describe aspects of human identity and experience.
6
Q
What terms are used in studies?
A
Subjects, respondents, participants, informants.
7
Q
What terms are used in clinical psychology?
A
Patient, client, consumers.
8
Q
What is clinical psychology?
A
The study of the diagnosis and treatment of mental health disorders.
9
Q
What are the ethical principles in psychology?
A
Non-maleficence, beneficence, fidelity, autonomy, justice.
10
Q
What does non-maleficence mean?
A
Do no harm.
11
Q
What does beneficence mean?
A
Do good.
12
Q
What does fidelity mean?
A
Be trustworthy.
13
Q
What does autonomy mean?
A
Respect the rights of the individual.
14
Q
What does justice mean?
A
Develop a social conscience.
15
Q
Who used the term ‘psychology’ in 1520?
A
Marko Marulic used the term to describe the study of the human mind and spirit.
16
Q
Who is known as the ‘Father of Psychology’?
A
Wilhelm Wundt.
17
Q
When was psychology formalized as a discipline?
A
Established when Wilhelm Wundt created a psychology research lab in Leipzig, Germany, in 1879.
18
Q
What was Wilhelm Wundt’s focus?
A
Breaking down sensory (conscious) experiences into their smallest parts.
19
Q
What was Wilhelm Wundt’s first school of thought?
A
Structuralism.
20
Q
When did structuralism fade out?
A
It faded out in the early 1900s.
21
Q
What was Wilhelm Wundt’s second school of thought?
A
Functionalism, which was established in the USA.
22
Q
What is functionalism concerned with?
A
The purpose of consciousness.
23
Q
What influenced functionalism?
A
Heavily influenced by Darwin’s theory of evolution.
24
Q
What does ‘Big P’ refer to in psychology?
A
The discipline of psychology.
25
What does 'Little p' refer to in psychology?
The content matter of psychology.
26
Who were the Greek philosophers with early psychological ideas?
Plato, Democritus, Hippocrates.
27
What were Plato’s psychological views?
Distinguished between the rational and irrational psyche.
28
What did Plato discuss in his writings?
Memory and argued against the idea that some people are naturally suited for slavery.
29
What was Democritus’ theory?
Proposed a material basis for mental states.
30
What was Hippocrates’ argument?
Suggested that both mental and physical pathologies have natural causes.
31
Who was the Chinese philosopher with psychological views?
Mencius, who contemplated the elements of the human mind.
32
How did psychology in the past differ from the present?
Historically developed in oppressive societies with inequalities, whereas modern psychology condemns practices like slavery.
33
How were psychological perspectives during the European Middle Ages influenced?
Heavily influenced by religious frameworks.
34
Who was St. Anselm of Canterbury?
Used logic in theological writings and promoted 'faith seeking understanding.'
35
What was the psychological focus during the Renaissance?
Examined emotional states and human relationships.
36
What characterized emotional states and human relationships during the Renaissance?
Humanism (emphasizing human potential) and naturalism (rejecting supernaturalism).
37
What did Christian countries during the Middle Ages do?
Banned the enslavement of Christians.
38
What was the Enlightenment Period marked by?
The urge to uncover the laws of the universe and human consciousness.
39
What was rejected during the Enlightenment?
The teachings of the Church, as philosophers preferred knowledge acquired through senses or rational argument.
40
What is an alternative name for the Enlightenment?
Era of Scepticism.
41
When did the scientific method emerge?
Developed during the Era of Scepticism as a way to understand the natural and social world.
42
What was Rene Descartes' belief?
Thought is the foundation of knowledge; 'I think, therefore I am' ('Cogito ergo sum').
43
What was the contrasting belief of British philosophers?
Experience forms the basis of thinking and acting.
44
Who were the three British philosophers?
John Locke (memory criterion), Thomas Hobbes (empirical reasoning), David Hume (epistemology).
45
What was the contribution of British philosophers?
Valued systematic methods in investigating human behavior, leading to the emergence of psychology as a science in 1879.
46
When was psychology founded in South Africa?
Founded at Stellenbosch University in 1917 and at UCT in 1920.
47
What is psychology's association in South Africa?
Linked to apartheid.
48
When did psychology emerge as a discipline in South Africa?
Post-World War II.
49
What issue arose with psychology in South Africa?
Many leading psychologists had ties to the apartheid state, and the field was dominated by Afrikaans-English speaking psychologists.
50
Who was the Father of Apartheid?
H.F. Verwoerd.
51
What was H.F. Verwoerd’s role?
Honorary member of the South African Psychology Association.
52
What were Afrikaners' philosophical influences?
Modeled in German rationalism and idealism.
53
What were the influences on English Europeans?
Influenced by British empiricism and Lockean liberalism.
54
What did H.F. Verwoerd threaten regarding black membership in SAPA?
Threatened to resign if black people were allowed as members.
55
When did the prominence of black psychologists in South Africa begin?
Began around the 1970s.
56
How many of the past 22 PsySSA presidents were black African?
6.
57
What is the debate about psychology’s relevance in South Africa?
It remains largely Euro-American/Western in outlook and has ongoing inequalities related to language and class.
58
What are the issues of relevance in South African psychology?
Representation, ethics, and the validity/applicability of psychological knowledge.
59
What is the issue with unrepresentative psychological knowledge?
It only caters to a small portion of the population and cannot address the needs of all citizens.
60
When was participation of black people and other social groups in South African psychology allowed?
Allowed only after the 1990s; prior participation was marginal.
61
What restrictions were placed on ethnic groups in psychology?
Non-white individuals were barred from enrolling in universities with psychology programs and from participating in professional psychology associations.
62
Who was the first Black clinical psychologist in South Africa?
Hambani Mangayi in 1969.
63
Who was denied SAPA membership, leading to protests?
Josephine Naidoo.
64
What was the period of discrimination against women in psychology?
Between 1870 and 1930.
65
Where could women practice psychology historically?
Schools, clinics, hospitals, industry.
66
Who were three women who contributed to psychological testing in the U.S.?
Florence Goodenough, Anne Anastasi, Psyche Cattell.
67
What percentage of psychology students in South Africa are women?
72.6%.
68
What percentage of professional psychologists in South Africa are women?
75%.
69
Who is Pumla Gobodo-Madikizela?
A female clinical psychologist.
70
How many categories of psychology are there?
11.
71
What are the 11 categories of psychology?
Counselling, clinical, developmental, educational, industrial/organizational, personality, health, social, community, cognitive, neuropsychology.
72
What does counselling psychology focus on?
Psychological interventions for adjustment difficulties and life challenges.
73
What does clinical psychology involve?
The diagnosis and treatment of mental health disorders.
74
What does developmental psychology study?
Human development across the lifespan.
75
What does educational psychology seek to understand?
How humans learn in school contexts.
76
What does industrial/organizational psychology study?
Human behavior in the workplace.
77
What does personality psychology focus on?
How human personalities develop and affect people's behavior.
78
What does health psychology study?
How psychological, biological, behavioral, and social factors contribute to health and illness.
79
What does social psychology study?
The nature of social behavior and social thought.
80
What does community psychology integrate?
Social, community, economic, and cultural factors to understand and promote well-being at an individual and community level.
81
What does cognitive psychology seek to understand?
How the mind processes information, including memory, language, attention, perception, and consciousness.
82
What does neuropsychology study?
How brain functioning affects human behavior and cognition.
83
What does 'WEIRD' mean in psychology?
It means that what is currently known about human behavior is based on knowledge generated by psychologists who have 12% of the population.
84
What does WEIRD stand for?
Western, Educated, Industrialized, Rich, Democratic.
85
What is the generalization problem?
The lack of sampling diversity biases in their inferences on human nature.
86
What problems arise from WEIRD?
The replication crisis, the reliability problem.
87
What is psychoanalysis?
Sigmund Freud's therapeutic technique. Freud believed the patient's free associations, resistances, dreams, and transferences - and the therapist's interpretations of them - released previously repressed feelings, allowing the patient to gain self-insight.
88
What determines behavior according to Freud?
Sexual and aggressive drives.
89
What keeps our forbidden wishes at bay?
Our defense mechanisms.
90
What did Sigmund Freud begin using to treat his patients?
Hypnosis and later on, Free association.
91
Why has Freud's theory been criticized?
1. It is thought that it emphasizes child sexuality too much. 2. It is difficult to do empirical research on the theory.
92
How is behaviorism different from Freud's theory?
Behaviorism believes that behavior is shaped by our environment, including past habits we have learned since birth.
93
What does behaviorism focus on?
On behavior and not consciousness.
94
What do behaviorists believe about babies?
A baby is born as a 'Tabula Rasa' / A blank state and the child's personality develops based on the child's experiences which are 'Written' on the slate.
95
Who founded behaviorism?
John B. Watson and B.F. Skinner.
96
What is classical conditioning?
A type of learning in which one learns to link two or more stimuli and anticipate events.
97
Who conducted early work on classical conditioning?
Ivan Pavlov.
98
What did Ivan Pavlov observe?
Conditioned salivary responses in dogs, showing that animals and people can learn by associating different events with different things.
99
What was Pavlov's experiment?
He rang a bell every time he fed his dogs so that over time the dogs would associate the sound of the bell with their food.
100
What is operant conditioning?
People can also learn from the consequences of their actions.
101
What is Edward Thorndike's Law of Effect?
Responses followed by pleasurable consequences are repeated and vice versa for responses followed by unpleasurable circumstances.
102
What did Skinner use to conduct his experiments?
Rats and Pigeons.
103
What did Skinner believe?
It was not helpful to talk about unseen mental structures and processes.
104
What was an example of Skinner's thinking?
Rather than thinking about how angry a person was, he would try to identify the circumstances before the anger and the events that followed.
105
What did Skinner's research identify?
Behavior can be changed through operant conditioning in which behavior leads to a response from the environment and the nature of this response influences whether or not the behavior is repeated.
106
What is reinforcement?
Anything that increases the likelihood of something happening again.
107
What theory is the descendant of behaviorism?
The Social Learning Theory by Albert Bandura.
108
What is called the 'Third Force' in psychology?
Humanism.
109
What does Humanism emphasize?
Free will, self-actualization, and congruence.
110
What is positive psychology?
The scientific study of human flourishing, with the goals of discovering and promoting strengths and virtues that help individuals and communities to thrive.
111
What is the humanists' view of human behavior?
People have free will and they naturally strive towards self-actualization or reaching their full potential.
112
Who were the founders of Humanism?
Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers.
113
What was Maslow interested in?
The factors that led to personal fulfillment and growth.
114
What did both Maslow and Rogers believe in?
Psychology should focus on a person's unique, subjective perceptions of the world.
115
What is a central concept of Roger's theory?
'Self'.
116
What does the 'Self' consist of?
An organized set of perceptions about how one develops over time in response to feedback from others.
117
What is the goal for Humanists?
Congruence between aspects of the self.
118
What is modern counseling based on?
Providing emotional warmth, empathy, and unconditional positive regard.
119
What are criticisms of the humanistic perspective?
Lack of research and being too simplistic, and implies that mainstream psychology is negative.
120
What is the biopsychological perspective?
A perspective that attributes human and animal behavior to biological events occurring in the body.
121
What does the biopsychological perspective focus on?
The brain and hormonal system.
122
Who was Donal Hebb?
A Canadian neuropsychologist interested in the effect of trauma on brain function.
123
What did Donal Hebb notice about children's brains?
Children's brains were better than adult's brains at recovering from trauma.
124
What was Cognitivism?
A version of the Gestalt school that focuses on information processing.
125
What is an example of cognitivism?
Recognizing your favorite song regardless of the instrument playing it.
126
Who developed cognitive development?
Jean Piaget.
127
Who studied the relationship between language and thought in children?
Lev Vygotsky.
128
What does cognitive neuroscience look at?
How the brain works when engaged in cognitive tasks.
129
What is social constructivism?
Interested in social groups sharing understanding and interpreting reality.
130
What does the sociocultural perspective adopt?
The notion of cultural relativity.
131
What are individualist cultures?
Western culture.
132
What are collectivist cultures?
African culture.
133
What does community psychology focus on?
The prevention of mental health problems and early intervention.
134
What does the Psychology of Africa emphasize?
1. North American psychology is not universally true. 2. The impact of colonialization and globalization on knowledge. 3. The importance of critical thinking.
135
What issues arose in the Psychology of Africa?
1. The generalization problem. 2. The replication crisis.
