DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY (CHAP 2)

Question 1

At conception, egg and sperm unite to create a new organism that
incorporates some characteristics of each parent. Each egg and sperm cell
has__________ chromosomes,

Answer 1

23

Question 2

threadlike structures in the nucleus that contain

genetic material.

Answer 2

chromosomes

Question 3

first 22 pairs of chromosomes

Answer 3

autosomes

Question 4

23rd pair determines the sex of the child

Answer 4

sex chromosomes

Question 5

egg or ovum is fertilized by a sperm carrying a Y chromosome the product is an _________

Answer 5

XY zygote or male

Question 6

If a sperm carrying X Chromosomes reaches the ovum first, the result is an ________

Answer 6

XX zygote

or female

Question 7

Each chromosome actually consists of one molecule of ___________ -
molecule composed of four __________ that is the biochemical basis of Heredity

Answer 7

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)
nucleotide bases

Question 8

four different chemical compounds:

Answer 8

adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine.

Question 9

—important biological building blocks.

Answer 9

amino acids, proteins, and enzymes

Question 10

functional units of heredity because they determine the production of chemical substances that are,
ultimately, the basis for all human characteristics and abilities

Answer 10

Genes

Question 11

Altogether, a person’s 46 chromosomes include roughly _________genes

Answer 11

30,000

Question 12

The complete set of genes makes up a person’s heredity and is known as the person’s

Answer 12

genotype

Question 13

Genetic instructions, in conjunction with environmental influences, produce a ___________
Individual’s physical, behavioral, and psychological features.

Answer 13

phenotype

Question 14

variations of genes

Genes come in different forms

Answer 14

alleles

Question 15

The alleles in the pair of chromosomes are sometimes the same, which is known as being

Answer 15

homozygous

Question 16

The alleles sometimes differ, which is known as being

Answer 16

heterozygous

Question 17

Often one allele is _________, which means that its chemical instructions are followed while those of the other,___________ allele
are ignored.

Answer 17

dominant

recessive

Question 18

referring to a gene that actively controls the expression of a trait

Answer 18

Dominant traits

Question 19

referring to a gene that only influences the expression of a trait when paired when an identical gene

Answer 19

Recessive traits

Question 20

Some people are affected by heredity in a special way: They have __________ that disrupt the
usual pattern of development

Answer 20

genetic disorders

Question 21

what disorders are inherited and sometimes eggs or sperm do not include the usual 23 chromosomes but have more or fewer
chromosomes instead.

Answer 21

genetic disorders

Question 22

a disorder in which babies are born lacking an important liver enzyme.

Answer 22

Phenylketonuria (PKU)

Question 23

a protein found in dairy products, bread, diet soda, and fish—into amino acids that
are required for normal body functioning.

Answer 23

phenylalanine

Question 24

Without this enzyme, phenylalanine accumulates and produces poisons that harm the nervous
system, resulting in _______________

Answer 24

mental retardation

Question 25

a fatal disease characterized by progressive degeneration of the nervous system. Is caused by a dominant allele found on chromosome 4. Individuals who inherit this disorder develop normally through childhood, adolescence, and young adulthood.

Answer 25

Huntington’s disease

Question 26

have almond-shaped eyes and a fold over the eyelid. Their head, neck, and nose are usually smaller than normal. typically have an extra 21st chromosome that is usually provided by the egg

Answer 26

Down syndrome

Question 27

For a woman in her late 20s, the risk of giving birth to a baby with Down syndrome is about ________; for a woman in her early 40s, the risk is about ________

Answer 27

1 in 1,000 | 1 in 50

Question 28

Eggs may deteriorate over time as part of aging or because an older woman has a longer history of exposure to hazards in the environment, such as ________, that may damage her eggs.

Answer 28

X-rays

Question 29

Common Disorder Associated with Sex Chromosomes

Answer 29

Kleinfelter's syndrome XYY complement Turner's Syndrome XXX syndrome

Question 30

is the branch of genetics that deals with inheritance of behavioral and psychological traits.

Answer 30

Behavioral genetics

Question 31

When phenotypes reflect the combined activity of many separate genes, the pattern is known as

Answer 31

polygenic inheritance

Question 32

The behavioral consequences of genetic instructions depend on the______in which those instructions are implemented.

Answer 32

environment

Question 33

refers to the fact that the same genotype can produce a range of phenotypes in reaction to the environment where development takes place.

Answer 33

Reaction range

Question 34

_____________interact dynamically throughout development

Answer 34

Heredity and environment

Question 35

_________ can influence the kind of environment to which a person is exposed

Answer 35

Genes

Question 36

this process of deliberately seeking environments that fit one’s heredity.

Answer 36

Niche-picking

Question 37

forces within a family that make siblings different from one another

Answer 37

nonshared environmental influences

Question 38

It constitutes the many changes that transform the fertilized egg into a newborn human. It begins when a sperm successfully fertilizes an egg in the process of fertilization.

Answer 38

Prenatal Development

Question 39

begins when sperm cells burrow their way through the outer layers of an egg cell.

Answer 39

Fertilization

Question 40

Stages or Periods of Prenatal Development:

Answer 40

1. the period of the zygote (Germinal) 2. the period of the embryo (Emrbyonic) 3. the period of the fetus (Fetal)

Question 41

This period begins with fertilization and ends when the zygote implants itself in the wall of the uterus.

Answer 41

.Germinal Period (Weeks 1-2)

Question 42

is the technical term for the fertilized egg.

Answer 42

Zygote

Question 43

The teaspoon or so of seminal fluid produced during a fertile male’s ejaculation contains from _________sperm. Of the sperm released into the vagina, only a few hundred will actually complete the 6- or 7-inch journey to the fallopian tubes.

Answer 43

200 | to 500 million

Question 44

The next step is ___________wherein the zygote burrows into the uterine wall and establishes connections with a woman’s blood vessels.

Answer 44

implantation

Question 45

is a small cluster of cells near the center of the zygote that will eventually develop into a baby

Answer 45

germ disc

Question 46

a structure through which nutrients and wastes are exchanged between the mother and the developing organism

Answer 46

placenta

Question 47

involves mixing sperm and egg together in a petri dish and then placing several fertilized eggs in the mother’s uterus, with the hope that they will become implanted in the uterine wall.

Answer 47

in vitro | fertilization

Question 48

Once the zygote is completely embedded in the uterine wall, it is called

Answer 48

embryo

Question 49

During the period of the embryo, body structures and internal organs develop. At the beginning of this period, three layers begin to form in the embryo.

Answer 49

Embryonic Period (Weeks 3-8)

Question 50

The _____________ becomes hair, the outer layer of skin, and the nervous system

Answer 50

outer layer or ectoderm

Question 51

The___________ forms muscles, bones, and the circulatory system

Answer 51

middle layer or mesoderm

Question 52

The_____________ forms the digestive system and the lungs.

Answer 52

inner layer or endoderm

Question 53

embryo rests in a sac called ____________which is filled with amniotic fluid that cushions the embryo and maintains a constant temperature.

Answer 53

amnion

Question 54

houses blood vessels that | join the embryo to the placenta.

Answer 54

umbilical cord

Question 55

The head develops before the rest of the body or from the head to the base of the spine.

Answer 55

Cephalocaudal Principle

Question 56

Growth of parts near the center of the body before those that are more distant.

Answer 56

Proximodistal Principle

Question 57

During this period, the baby-to-be becomes much larger | and its bodily systems begin to work.

Answer 57

Fetal Period (Weeks 9-38)

Question 58

ese and other rapid changes, by 22 to 28 weeks most systems function well enough that a fetus born at this time has a chance to survive, which is why this age range is called the

Answer 58

age of | viability

Question 59

(one of the B vitamins) is important for the baby’s nervous system to develop properly

Answer 59

Folic acid

Question 60

When mothers do not consume adequate amounts of folic acid, their babies are at risk for_____________ a disorder in which the embryo’s neural tube does not close properly during the first month of pregnancy.

Answer 60

spina bifida

Question 61

__________ can weaken a pregnant woman’s immune system, making her more susceptible to illness

Answer 61

Stress

Question 62

- An agent that causes abnormal prenatal development.

Answer 62

Teratogen

Question 63

Environmental Teratogens

Answer 63

Lead Mercury PCBs X-rays

Question 64

Teratogenic Drugs

Answer 64

``` Alcohol Aspirin Caffeine Cocaine and Heroin Marijuana Nicotine ```

Question 65

Teratogenic Diseases

Answer 65

AIDS Genital Herpes Syphilis Rubella

Question 66

BEST RECIPE for NORMAL PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT

Answer 66

1. Prenatal Medical Care 2. Adequate Nutrition 3. Avoid Chronic Stress

Question 67

A counselor asks about family medical history and constructs a family tree for each parent to assess the odds that their child would inherit a disorder. If the family tree suggests that a parent is likely to be a carrier of the disorder, blood tests can determine the parent’s genotype.

Answer 67

Genetic Counseling

Question 68

in which sound waves are used to generate a picture of the fetus. In this procedure, a tool about the size of a hair dryer is rubbed over the woman’s abdomen, and the image appears on a nearby computer monitor. The pictures generated are grainy so it takes an expert’s eye to distinguish what’s what.

Answer 68

Prenatal Diagnosis (Ultrasound)

Question 69

uses a syringe to withdraw a sample of amniotic fluid through the mother’s abdomen. It can be used in pregnancies where a genetic disorder because it provides a sample of fetal cells that can be analyzed. A needle is inserted through the mother’s abdomen to obtain a sample of the amniotic fluid that surrounds the fetus.

Answer 69

Prenatal Diagnosis (Amniocentesis)

Question 70

fetal cells are extracted from the placenta. A procedure that can be used much earlier in pregnancy in which a sample of tissue is obtained from part of the placenta. A small tube—typically inserted through the vagina and into the uterus but sometimes through the abdomen—is used to collect a small plug of cells from the placenta. This procedure can be used within 10 or 12 weeks after conception, much earlier than amniocentesis.

Answer 70

Prenatal Diagnosis (Chorionic villus sampling)

Question 71

Example, in fetal hypothyroidism, the fetal thyroid gland does not produce enough hormones. This can lead to retarded physical and mental development, but the disorder can be treated by injecting the necessary hormones directly into the amniotic cavity, resulting in normal growth.

Answer 71

Administering drugs or hormones to the fetus

Question 72

field of medicine concerned with treating prenatal problems before birth

Answer 72

Fetal Medicine

Question 73

has also been used to treat a disorder affecting identical twins in which one twin—the “donor”—pumps blood through its own and the other twin’s circulatory system.

Answer 73

Fetal surgery

Question 74

in which defective genes are replaced by synthetic normal genes.

Answer 74

Genetic engineering

Question 75

``` is an appropriate name for childbirth, which is the most intense, prolonged physical effort that humans experience. ```

Answer 75

Labor

Question 76

Soon the top of the baby’s head appears

Answer 76

crowning