DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY (CHAP 5)

Question 1

describes
development as a series of eight stages, each
with a unique crisis for psychosocial
growth.

Answer 1

Erik Erikson

Question 2

, is an openness to new experience tempered by wariness that occurs
when trust and mistrust are in balance.

Answer 2

Hope

Question 3

At what age is Basic trust vs. mistrust?

Answer 3

Infancy

Question 4

At what age is Autonomy vs. shame and doubt

Answer 4

1–3 years

Question 5

At what age is Initiative vs. guilt

Answer 5

3–5 years

Question 6

Strength of 1–3 years

Answer 6

Will

Question 7

Strength of 3–5 years

Answer 7

Purpose

Question 8

according to Erikson, is a young child’s understanding that he or she can act on the world
intentionally; this occurs when autonomy, shame, and doubt are in balance

Answer 8

Will

Question 9

is achieved with a balance between individual initiative and a willingness to cooperate
with others.

Answer 9

Purpose

Question 10

According to ________________, many human behaviors represent successful adaptation to
the environment.

Answer 10

evolutionary psychology

Question 11

An evolutionary perspective of early human relationships comes from him.
According to
Bowlby, children who form an attachment to an adult—that is, an enduring socioemotional relationship—
are more likely to survive.

Answer 11

John Bowlby

Question 12

During prenatal development and soon after birth, infants rapidly learn to recognize their
mothers by smell and sound, which sets the stage for forging an attachment relationship.

Answer 12

Preattachment (birth to 6–8 weeks)

Question 13

During these months, babies begin to behave differently in the presence of familiar caregivers
and unfamiliar adults. Babies now smile and laugh more often with the primary caregiver.

Answer 13

Attachment in the making (6–8 weeks to 6–8 months)

Question 14

By approximately 7 or 8 months, most infants have singled out the attachment figure—
usually the mother—as a special individual. The attachment figure is now the infant’s stable
socioemotional base.

Answer 14

True attachment (6–8 months to 18 months)

Question 15

Infants’ growing cognitive and language skills and their accumulated experience with their
primary caregivers make infants better able to act as true partners in the attachment
relationship.

Answer 15

Reciprocal relationships (18 months on)

Question 16

_______spend far less time with infants and are far less likely to be
responsible for child-care tasks

Answer 16

Fathers

Question 17

_______typically spend much more time playing with their babies than taking care of them, and even their
style of play differs

Answer 17

Fathers

Question 18

Physical play

Answer 18

is the norm for fathers

Question 19

_________ spend more time reading and

talking to babies, showing them toys, and playing games.

Answer 19

mothers

Question 20

pioneered the
study of attachment relationships using a procedure
that has come to be known as the Strange Situation.

Answer 20

Mary Ainsworth

Question 21

involves a series of episodes,
each about three minutes long. The mother and infant
enter an unfamiliar room filled with interesting toys.
The mother leaves briefly, then mother and baby are
reunited. Meanwhile, the experimenter observes the
baby and records its response to both separation and reunion.

Answer 21

Strange Situation

Question 22

The baby may or may not cry when the mother leaves, but when she returns the
baby wants to be with her, and if the baby is crying it stops

Answer 22

Secure attachment

Question 23

relationship in which infants have come to trust and depend on their mothers

Answer 23

secure attachment

Question 24

The baby is not upset when the mother leaves and, when she returns, may
ignore her by looking or turning away.

Answer 24

Avoidant attachment

Question 25

: relationship in which infants turn away from their mothers when they are reunited following a brief separation

Answer 25

avoidant attachment

Question 26

The baby is upset when the mother leaves, and it remains upset or even angry when she returns and is difficult to console.

Answer 26

Resistant attachment

Question 27

relationship in which, after a brief separation, infants want to be held but are difficult to console

Answer 27

resistant attachment

Question 28

The baby seems confused when the mother leaves and when | she returns, as if not really understanding what’s happening

Answer 28

Disorganized (disoriented) attachment:

Question 29

relationship in which infants don’t seem to understand what’s happening when they are separated and later reunited with their mothers

Answer 29

disorganized (disoriented) attachment

Question 30

a set of expectations about parents’ availability and responsiveness, generally and in times of stress. is infant’s understanding of how responsive and dependable the mother is; thought to influence close relationships throughout the child’s life.

Answer 30

internal working model

Question 31

are experienced by people worldwide, and each consists of three elements: a subjective feeling, a physiological change, and an overt behavior

Answer 31

Basic emotions

Question 32

Overt behaviors such as ___________provides important clues

Answer 32

facial expression

Question 33

Facial expressions are only one | component of emotion—the ______________.

Answer 33

behavioral manifestation

Question 34

Facial expressions are only one | component of emotion—the ______________.

Answer 34

behavioral manifestation

Question 35

___________also involves physiological responses and | subjective feelings.

Answer 35

Emotion

Question 36

According to one influential theory, newborns experience only two general emotions

Answer 36

pleasure and | distress

Question 37

At this age social smiles first appear

Answer 37

2 or 3 months

Question 38

infants become wary in the | presence of an unfamiliar adult, a reaction known as s

Answer 38

stranger wariness

Question 39

an important part of | emotion regulation

Answer 39

Attention

Question 40

Each youngster plays alone but maintains a keen interest in what another is doing. • Two toddlers may each have his or her own toys, but each will watch the other’s play, too.

Answer 40

Parallel play

Question 41

Toddlers engage in similar activities and talk or smile at one another. Play has now become truly interactive.

Answer 41

Simple social play

Question 42

Play that is organized around a theme, with each child taking on a different role

Answer 42

Cooperative play

Question 43

During the preschool years, cooperative play often takes the form of___________ Examples: Preschoolers have telephone conversations with imaginary partners or pretend to drink imaginary juice.

Answer 43

Make-Believe

Question 44

children rely on realistic props to support their play

Answer 44

Early phases of make-believe

Question 45

children no longer need realistic props

Answer 45

Later phases of make-believe

Question 46

toddlers have an inkling of the difference between pretend play and reality.

Answer 46

Age 16–18 months

Question 47

Preschoolers with_________tend to be more sociable and have more real friends than other preschoolers.

Answer 47

imaginary friends

Question 48

Children with ____________can distinguish fantasy from reality just as accurately as youngsters without imaginary companions.

Answer 48

imaginary companions

Question 49

comes in many forms and most are normal—even healthy. • Spending playtime alone coloring, solving puzzles, or assembling LEGOs is not a sign of maladjustment.

Answer 49

Solitary play

Question 50

Sometimes children go from one preschool activity center to the next, as if trying to decide what to do. But really they just keep wandering, never settling into play with others or constructive solitary play.

Answer 50

wandering aimlessly

Question 51

A child stands nearby peers who are playing, watching them play but not participating. • Over time, these behaviors do not bode well, so it’s best for these youngsters to see a professional who can help them overcome their reticence in social situations.

Answer 51

hovering

Question 52

their actions and remarks tend to | support others and sustain the interaction.

Answer 52

enabling

Question 53

Many parents enjoy the role of ___(and many parents deserve an Oscar for their performances). They use the opportunity to scaffold their children’s play, often raising it to more sophisticated levels.

Answer 53

Playmate

Question 54

It takes two to interact, and young children rely on parents to create opportunities for social interactions

Answer 54

Social director

Question 55

Successful interactions are based on a host of skills, including how to initiate an interaction, make joint decisions, and resolve conflicts. When parents help their children acquire these skills, children tend to be more competent socially and to be more accepted by their peers.

Answer 55

Coach

Question 56

When young children play, they often disagree, argue, and sometimes fight. However, children play more cooperatively and longer when parents are present to help iron out conflicts. • When young children can’t agree on what to play, a parent can negotiate a mutually acceptable activity.

Answer 56

Mediator

Question 57

any behavior that benefits another person

Answer 57

Prosocial behavior

Question 58

working together toward a common goal

Answer 58

cooperation—

Question 59

behavior that is driven by feelings of responsibility toward other people, such as helping and sharing, in which individuals do not benefit directly from their actions.

Answer 59

Altruism

Question 60

• If two youngsters pool their funds to buy a candy bar to share, this is ____________

Answer 60

cooperative behavior

Question 61

• If one youngster gives half of her lunch to a peer who forgot his own, this is__________

Answer 61

altruism

Question 62

which is the actual experiencing of another’s feelings

Answer 62

empathy

Question 63

Children act altruistically when they feel responsible for the person in need.

Answer 63

Feelings of responsibility

Question 64

Children act altruistically when they feel they have the skills to help the person in need

Answer 64

Feelings of competence

Question 65

Children act altruistically when they are happy or feeling successful but not when they are sad or feeling as if they have failed

Answer 65

Mood

Question 66

Children act altruistically when such actions entail few or modest sacrifices.

Answer 66

Costs of altruism

Question 67

When children see adults helping and caring for others, they often imitate such prosocial behavior

Answer 67

Modeling

Question 68

is a set of cultural guidelines as to how a person should behave, particularly with other people. The roles associated with gender are among the first that children learn, starting in infancy.

Answer 68

Social role

Question 69

—beliefs and images about males and females that may or may not be true.

Answer 69

gender stereotypes

Question 70

n in which they try to hurt others by | damaging their relationships with peers.

Answer 70

relational aggression

Question 71

a sense of the | self as a male or a female.

Answer 71

gender identity

Question 72

By age 2 or 3, children understand that they are either boys or girls and label themselves accordingly.

Answer 72

Gender labeling

Question 73

means understanding in preschool children that boys become men and girls become women.

Answer 73

Gender stability

Question 74

understanding that maleness and femaleness do not change over situations or personal wishes.

Answer 74

Gender constancy

Question 75

children begin learning about gender roles after they have mastered gender constancy—that is, after they know that gender is fixed across time and situation

Answer 75

Kohlberg’s theory

Question 76

A theory proposed by Carol Martin addresses how children learn about gender. Children first decide if an object, activity, or behavior is associated with females or males; then they use this information to decide whether they should learn more about the object, activity, or behavior.

Answer 76

Gender-schema Theory

Question 77

is a genetic disorder in which, beginning in prenatal | development, the adrenal glands secrete large amounts of androgen.

Answer 77

Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH)

Question 78

The _____________not only masculinizes the genitals in baby girls but also affects the prenatal development of brain regions critical for masculine and feminine gender-role behavior.

Answer 78

androgen