Developmental Theories

Question 1

Age range of trust vs mistrust

Answer 1

Birth to 18 months

Question 2

Age range of autonomy vs shame and doubt

Answer 2

18 months to 3 years

Question 3

Age range of initiative vs guilt

Answer 3

3 to 5 years

Question 4

Age range of industry vs inferiority

Answer 4

5 to 12 years

Question 5

Age range of identity vs role confusion

Answer 5

12 to early adulthood

Question 6

Age range of sensorimotor stage

Answer 6

Birth to 2 years

Question 7

Age range of preoperational stage

Answer 7

2 years to 7 years

Question 8

Age range of concrete operational stage

Answer 8

7 years to 11 years

Question 9

Age range of formal operational stage

Answer 9

11-adulthood

Question 10

Age range of preconventional morality stage

Answer 10

Birth to 9 years

Question 11

Age range of conventional morality stage

Answer 11

9 years to adulthood

Question 12

Characteristics of children in trust vs mistrust stage

Answer 12

Basic needs need to be met. Perception of environment comes from those who care for them. Two basic needs: satisfaction (from physiologic needs) and security (emotional needs)

Question 13

Characteristics of children in autonomy vs shame and doubt stage

Answer 13

Parents needs to help their child learn and help them keep their autonomy. Have children do thing that they can complete. If they are forced to do things they can’t do, shame and doubt will form. Encourage the child to make decisions and do things on their own

Question 14

Characteristics of children in initiative vs guilt stage

Answer 14

Children are exploring and learning from the world. They are eager for responsibility. Adults must confirm that the child’s initiatives are accepted. Praise children and tell them they did a good job. Guilt can develop when children think that what they do is always wrong

Question 15

Characteristics of children in industry vs inferiority stage

Answer 15

Child measures themselves against other children. Children need to find their strengths and parents/teachers need to encourage children to maximize these strengths. They need to be encouraged to achieve reasonable goals. If they are unable to achieve their goals they will feel inferior to their peers

Question 16

Characteristics of children in identity vs role confusion stage

Answer 16

Adolescents need to find out who they are and where they fit into the world. Adolescent identifies with a peer group that can be very influential. Parents must ensure that their adolescents are encouraged and have a quality friend group.

Question 17

Characteristics of children in sensorimotor stage

Answer 17

Explore the world through touch and senses. Motor activity without the use of symbols. Everything is learned from experiences and trial/error. Object permanence is developed through this stage (roughly 8 months)

Question 18

Characteristics of children in preoperational stage

Answer 18

Memory and imagination are developing. Children in early stage are very egocentric (decreases around age 4). Literal thought until symbolic thinking is developed. Main goal of this stage is for child to attach meanings to objects with language and symbolic thinking.

Question 19

Characteristics of children in concrete operational stage

Answer 19

More logical and methodical thinking. Conservation and reversibility are developed (around 7). Main goal of this stage is development of operational thought which allows kids to solve problems without physically encountering things in the real world.

Question 20

Characteristics of children in formal operational stage

Answer 20

Use of symbols to relate to abstract concepts. Milestone is being able to understand abstract concepts and relationships. Once you reach formal operational stage, people begin building on knowledge

Question 21

Characteristics of child with preconventional morality

Answer 21

Learns good from bad based on punishment. Want to please parents so they do not get punished. Conform to rules so they do not get punished. Rules are seen as absolute. Have tendency to lie through the preschool age (expected).

Question 22

Characteristics of child with conventional morality

Answer 22

Develops abstract thought in early to middle adolescence. Feels invulnerable during middle adolescence. Develops better impulse control by late adolescence. Can see other’s perspectives. Follows rules. Takes societal law into perspective. School age children in good boy and good girl stage: driven by wanting to do good. Able to judge and act by intention, not just by consequences