developmental theories Flashcards by Stuti Rao

what do dev theories do

provide a framework for understanding how and why people change as they develop
- help organize observations about human behavior
- aid in hypothesis generation
- help interpret evidence that links ideas to findings

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what are the grand theories

psychoanalytic, behaviorism, cognitive

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what are the newer theories

sociocultural, biological perspectives - evolutionary, ethological, epigenetic

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psychodynamic (analytic) theory definition

behavior is motivated by inner forces that a person has little consciousness or control of
- rooted in childhood
- development involves mastery of developmental challenges

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freud’s psychosexual theory

unconscious, inner forces act to determine personality and behavior; stages focused on specific body parts; emphasizes early experience (first 6 yrs happen in 3 of 5 stages); under/over-gratification = fixation

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erikson’s psychosocial theory

8 fixed universal stages that each present conflicts related to social experiences and how well they’re resolved affects behavior later on; no crisis ever fully resolved and growth is lifelong; focuses on the ego

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infancy 0-1.5 F vs E

F - oral: sucking, feeding; needs not always met

E - trust (satisfying basic needs) vs mistrust

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toddlerhood (1.5-3) F vs E

F - anal: toilet training, balancing pleasure and control

E - autonomy (self-sufficiency) vs shame & doubt

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early childhood (3-6) F vs E

F - phallic: genital stimulation (boys), envy for girls; adjustment for gender roles

E - initiative (trying adult-like activities) vs guilt

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middle childhood (6-12) F vs E

F - latency: sexual urges quiet, focus on school, friends etc

E - industry (practicing & mastering skills) vs inferiority

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adolescence (12+) F vs E

F - genital: sexual stimulation, stage continues through adulthood

E - identity vs role confusion

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behavioral theory definition

development affected by observable behavior and outside stimuli in environment, NO universal stages, development happens gradually (quantitative), lifelong learning process

Watson & Skinner

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john b watson’s classical conditioning

behavior result of continuing exposure to specific environmental factors; little albert experiment called ‘behaviorism”

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classical conditioning def

organism responds in particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally doesn’t bring out that type of response (Pavlov)

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lead people in behavioral perspective

watson , skinner, bandura

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lead people in psychoanalytic/dynamic perspective

freud and erikson

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b.f. skinner - operant conditioning def

voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by association with negative or positive consequences

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reinforcement

stimuli that increases likelihood of behavior

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punishment

stimuli that decreases behavior

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extinction

behavior stops when it receives no responses from the environment

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skinner’s air crib

raised daughter in it for 2 years, safe and baby happy but received misinformed negative press and declined in popularity

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factors influencing effectiveness of operant conditioning

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age - adolescents more sensitive to certain types of reward and punishment

value of rewards - may vary by individual

delay - immediate pun/rew better

albert bandura - social (cognitive) learning theory

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behavior learned through observation and imitation of a model’s behavior

four steps of bandura’s theory and example

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must attend/perceive behavior
must recall
must accurately reproduce
must be motivated to carry behavior

ex: fearless peter, bobo doll

imitation more likely to occur when

model is admirable, nurturing, powerful, similar to observer

cognitive theories def

focus on how and what people think to understand what they do

cognitive theory people

Piaget

jean piaget - stages of cognitive development

made observations and interpreted responses of children - what they said and did as they solved problems

stages of cognitive dev (piaget)

sensorimotor stage, pre operational, concrete operational, formal operation

sensorimotor stage

birth - 2yrs, uses their senses to learn

pre operational

2 - 6yrs, uses language but not logic

concrete operational

6- 11 yrs, uses simple logic, facts, skills

formal operational

12 - adulthood, uses abstract thinking

how is human thinking arranged according to piaget

arranged into schemes - organized mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions

humans seek cognitive equilibrium through

improving understanding of world through assimilation and accommodation

assimilation def

understanding an experience in terms of what is already known

accommodation def

changes in thinking occur in response to new stimuli

information processing theory (part of cognitive)

development of thinking and understanding by describing how a person pays attention, remembers, and reactions to world; life experiences play roles in cognitive and shapes strategies

computer analogy to the process of thinking (IPT)

inputs > processing > storage & retrieval > outputs; can use brain imaging to understand what happens btwn input and output ; quantitative approach - processing speed and efficiency gradually improve with age

sociocultural theories

human development = reciprocal interactions btwn developing people and surroundings, most beliefs are social constructs not natural laws, culture integral to person's development

people in sociocultural

vygotsky

vygotsky's sociocultural theory

development = reciprocal transaction btwn people in child's environ. and child; as children play/cooperate with others they understand what is important in their society; cultural artifacts used to teach

zone of proximal development (ZPD - vygotsky)

concepts that a learner is close to acquiring but cannot master without help

apprentice in thinking (ZPD)

children guided by capable adult/peer

guided participation (ZPD)

process of teaching skills, values, habits

scaffolding (ZPD)

degree of assistance provided to children in ZPD, should decrease with increased competency

biological perspectives def

psychological and behavioral develop. begin w/ roots in our brain, genes, and innate instincts

theories in biological perspectives

evolutionary, ethological, epigenetic

evolutionary theory

darwin's natural selection, (

ethological theory/ethology def

examines ways in which biological makeup affects behavior - human behaviors are universal, innate, gene-based - critical/sensitive periods for behaviors

ex of ethological theory

Konrad Lorenz - imprinting of duck/goslings

epigenetic theory

environment shapes how genes are expressed; physical inborn genetic characteristics changed by environ/experiences

genetic characteristic changes

genetic expression takes multiple pathways - complex, bidirectional interactions; some changes occur more easily than others

what is the right approach

none, each have own premises focusing on different aspects of development

developmental theories Flashcards

(54 cards)