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Dev Psych > developmental theories > Flashcards

developmental theories Flashcards

(54 cards)

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1
Q

what do dev theories do

A

provide a framework for understanding how and why people change as they develop
- help organize observations about human behavior
- aid in hypothesis generation
- help interpret evidence that links ideas to findings

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2
Q

what are the grand theories

A

psychoanalytic, behaviorism, cognitive

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3
Q

what are the newer theories

A

sociocultural, biological perspectives - evolutionary, ethological, epigenetic

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4
Q

psychodynamic (analytic) theory definition

A

behavior is motivated by inner forces that a person has little consciousness or control of
- rooted in childhood
- development involves mastery of developmental challenges

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5
Q

freud’s psychosexual theory

A

unconscious, inner forces act to determine personality and behavior; stages focused on specific body parts; emphasizes early experience (first 6 yrs happen in 3 of 5 stages); under/over-gratification = fixation

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6
Q

erikson’s psychosocial theory

A

8 fixed universal stages that each present conflicts related to social experiences and how well they’re resolved affects behavior later on; no crisis ever fully resolved and growth is lifelong; focuses on the ego

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7
Q

infancy 0-1.5 F vs E

A

F - oral: sucking, feeding; needs not always met

E - trust (satisfying basic needs) vs mistrust

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8
Q

toddlerhood (1.5-3) F vs E

A

F - anal: toilet training, balancing pleasure and control

E - autonomy (self-sufficiency) vs shame & doubt

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9
Q

early childhood (3-6) F vs E

A

F - phallic: genital stimulation (boys), envy for girls; adjustment for gender roles

E - initiative (trying adult-like activities) vs guilt

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10
Q

middle childhood (6-12) F vs E

A

F - latency: sexual urges quiet, focus on school, friends etc

E - industry (practicing & mastering skills) vs inferiority

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11
Q

adolescence (12+) F vs E

A

F - genital: sexual stimulation, stage continues through adulthood

E - identity vs role confusion

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12
Q

behavioral theory definition

A

development affected by observable behavior and outside stimuli in environment, NO universal stages, development happens gradually (quantitative), lifelong learning process

Watson & Skinner

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13
Q

john b watson’s classical conditioning

A

behavior result of continuing exposure to specific environmental factors; little albert experiment called ‘behaviorism”

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14
Q

classical conditioning def

A

organism responds in particular way to a neutral stimulus that normally doesn’t bring out that type of response (Pavlov)

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15
Q

lead people in behavioral perspective

A

watson , skinner, bandura

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16
Q

lead people in psychoanalytic/dynamic perspective

A

freud and erikson

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17
Q

b.f. skinner - operant conditioning def

A

voluntary response is strengthened or weakened by association with negative or positive consequences

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18
Q

reinforcement

A

stimuli that increases likelihood of behavior

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19
Q

punishment

A

stimuli that decreases behavior

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20
Q

extinction

A

behavior stops when it receives no responses from the environment

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21
Q

skinner’s air crib

A

raised daughter in it for 2 years, safe and baby happy but received misinformed negative press and declined in popularity

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22
Q

factors influencing effectiveness of operant conditioning

Study These Flashcards
A

age - adolescents more sensitive to certain types of reward and punishment

value of rewards - may vary by individual

delay - immediate pun/rew better

23
Q

albert bandura - social (cognitive) learning theory

Study These Flashcards
A

behavior learned through observation and imitation of a model’s behavior

24
Q

four steps of bandura’s theory and example

Study These Flashcards
A
  1. must attend/perceive behavior
  2. must recall
  3. must accurately reproduce
  4. must be motivated to carry behavior

ex: fearless peter, bobo doll

25
imitation more likely to occur when
model is admirable, nurturing, powerful, similar to observer
26
cognitive theories def
focus on how and what people think to understand what they do
27
cognitive theory people
Piaget
28
jean piaget - stages of cognitive development
made observations and interpreted responses of children - what they said and did as they solved problems
29
stages of cognitive dev (piaget)
sensorimotor stage, pre operational, concrete operational, formal operation
30
sensorimotor stage
birth - 2yrs, uses their senses to learn
31
pre operational
2 - 6yrs, uses language but not logic
32
concrete operational
6- 11 yrs, uses simple logic, facts, skills
33
formal operational
12 - adulthood, uses abstract thinking
34
how is human thinking arranged according to piaget
arranged into schemes - organized mental patterns that represent behaviors and actions
35
humans seek cognitive equilibrium through
improving understanding of world through assimilation and accommodation
36
assimilation def
understanding an experience in terms of what is already known
37
accommodation def
changes in thinking occur in response to new stimuli
38
information processing theory (part of cognitive)
development of thinking and understanding by describing how a person pays attention, remembers, and reactions to world; life experiences play roles in cognitive and shapes strategies
39
computer analogy to the process of thinking (IPT)
inputs > processing > storage & retrieval > outputs; can use brain imaging to understand what happens btwn input and output ; quantitative approach - processing speed and efficiency gradually improve with age
40
sociocultural theories
human development = reciprocal interactions btwn developing people and surroundings, most beliefs are social constructs not natural laws, culture integral to person's development
41
people in sociocultural
vygotsky
42
vygotsky's sociocultural theory
development = reciprocal transaction btwn people in child's environ. and child; as children play/cooperate with others they understand what is important in their society; cultural artifacts used to teach
43
zone of proximal development (ZPD - vygotsky)
concepts that a learner is close to acquiring but cannot master without help
44
apprentice in thinking (ZPD)
children guided by capable adult/peer
45
guided participation (ZPD)
process of teaching skills, values, habits
46
scaffolding (ZPD)
degree of assistance provided to children in ZPD, should decrease with increased competency
47
biological perspectives def
psychological and behavioral develop. begin w/ roots in our brain, genes, and innate instincts
48
theories in biological perspectives
evolutionary, ethological, epigenetic
49
evolutionary theory
darwin's natural selection, (
50
ethological theory/ethology def
examines ways in which biological makeup affects behavior - human behaviors are universal, innate, gene-based - critical/sensitive periods for behaviors
51
ex of ethological theory
Konrad Lorenz - imprinting of duck/goslings
52
epigenetic theory
environment shapes how genes are expressed; physical inborn genetic characteristics changed by environ/experiences
53
genetic characteristic changes
genetic expression takes multiple pathways - complex, bidirectional interactions; some changes occur more easily than others
54
what is the right approach
none, each have own premises focusing on different aspects of development

Dev Psych (8 decks)

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