Developmental Theories

Question 1

Which stage of Erikson’s theory involves developing trust through consistent caregiving?

A) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
B) Trust vs. Mistrust
C) Initiative vs. Guilt
D) Industry vs. Inferiority

Answer 1

B) Trust vs. Mistrust

Question 2

What is the primary conflict during adolescence according to Erikson?

A) Industry vs. Inferiority
B) Identity vs. Role Confusion
C) Intimacy vs. Isolation
D) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt

Answer 2

B) Identity vs. Role Confusion

Question 3

During which Eriksonian stage does a person typically strive for a sense of generativity?

A) Intimacy vs. Isolation
B) Generativity vs. Stagnation
C) Ego Integrity vs. Despair
D) Identity vs. Role Confusion

Answer 3

B) Generativity vs. Stagnation

Question 4

At what stage in Piaget’s theory does a child develop object permanence?

A) Preoperational
B) Concrete Operational
C) Sensorimotor
D) Formal Operational

Answer 4

C) Sensorimotor

Question 5

Which stage is characterized by a child’s ability to think logically about concrete events but struggle with abstract ideas?

A) Preoperational
B) Concrete Operational
C) Sensorimotor
D) Formal Operational

Answer 5

B) Concrete Operational

Question 6

What key feature of cognitive development is associated with Piaget’s preoperational stage?

A) Conservation
B) Egocentrism
C) Hypothetical reasoning
D) Object permanence

Answer 6

B) Egocentrism

Question 7

According to Kohlberg, at which level of moral development is behavior motivated by the avoidance of punishment?

A) Preconventional
B) Conventional
C) Postconventional
D) Universal Ethical Principles

Answer 7

A) Preconventional (stage 1, behavior is driven by avoiding punishment and being obedient)

Question 8

What is the main focus of moral reasoning in Kohlberg’s conventional level?

A) Personal rewards
B) Social rules and laws
C) Avoiding punishment
D) Self-chosen ethical principles

Answer 8

B) Social rules and laws (stage 3: interpersonal behavior is driven by social approval) (stage 4: authority, behavior is driven by obeying authority and conforming to social order)

Question 9

At which stage of Kohlberg’s theory does a person adhere to universal ethical principles that may supersede laws?

A) Obedience and Punishment
B) Social Contract
C) Universal Ethical Principles
D) Law and Order

Answer 9

C) Universal Ethical Principles (level 3: post conventional morality and stage 6: behavior driven by internal moral principles and universal ethics)

Question 10

According to Freud, which stage is characterized by the Oedipus complex?

A) Oral Stage
B) Phallic Stage
C) Latency Stage
D) Genital Stage

Answer 10

B) Phallic Stage

Question 11

Which is the final stage in Freud’s psychosexual theory?

A) Latency Stage
B) Genital Stage
C) Anal Stage
D) Phallic Stage

Answer 11

B) Genital Stage

Question 12

During which stage does Freud believe the ego and superego develop?

A) Oral Stage
B) Phallic Stage
C) Anal Stage
D) Latency Stage

Answer 12

D) Latency Stage

Question 13

In Mahler’s theory, which substage involves the infant practicing separating from the mother while developing motor skills?

A) Normal Symbiotic Phase
B) Practicing Subphase
C) Rapprochement Subphase
D) Differentiation Subphase

Answer 13

B) Practicing Subphase

Question 14

Which phase in Mahler’s theory is marked by a child developing an increased awareness of their individuality while still relying on the caregiver?

A) Practicing Subphase
B) Object Constancy
C) Differentiation Subphase
D) Symbiotic Phase

Answer 14

C) Differentiation Subphase

Question 15

In Mahler’s theory, the final subphase where a child maintains an internal image of the mother is called:

A) Normal Symbiotic Phase
B) Object Constancy
C) Rapprochement
D) Practicing Subphase

Answer 15

B) Object Constancy

Question 16

Which type of attachment is characterized by a child showing distress when the caregiver leaves and ambivalence upon their return?

A) Secure Attachment
B) Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment
C) Avoidant Attachment
D) Disorganized Attachment

Answer 16

B) Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment

Question 17

In Ainsworth’s “Strange Situation” experiment, what behavior typifies securely attached children?

A) Avoiding the caregiver upon their return
B) Being easily comforted by the caregiver after distress
C) Exhibiting little or no interest when the caregiver returns
D) Responding with confusion or fear when the caregiver returns

Answer 17

B) Being easily comforted by the caregiver after distress

Question 18

Which attachment style is associated with children who may appear indifferent to their caregivers, showing little reaction to both departure and return?

A) Secure
B) Anxious-Ambivalent
C) Avoidant
D) Disorganized

Answer 18

C) Avoidant

Question 19

According to Bowlby, what is the critical period for forming a primary attachment?

A) First 6 months
B) First 3 years
C) First 18 months
D) First 12 months

Answer 19

D) First 12 months

Question 20

Which developmental theory emphasizes the influence of social interactions in learning, particularly through scaffolding?
A) Erikson’s Theory
B) Piaget’s Theory
C) Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory
D) Freud’s Psychosexual Theory

Answer 20

C) Vygotsky’s Sociocultural Theory

Question 21

In which stage of Erikson’s theory do individuals face the challenge of achieving a sense of integrity while reflecting on life?
A) Generativity vs. Stagnation
B) Ego Integrity vs. Despair
C) Identity vs. Role Confusion
D) Intimacy vs. Isolation

Answer 21

B) Ego Integrity vs. Despair

Question 22

Which Eriksonian stage is characterized by the development of initiative and the ability to plan activities?
A) Industry vs. Inferiority
B) Initiative vs. Guilt
C) Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
D) Identity vs. Role Confusion

Answer 22

B) Initiative vs. Guilt

Question 23

At which stage in Piaget’s theory does a child gain the ability to perform mental operations and understand the concept of conservation?
A) Preoperational
B) Concrete Operational
C) Sensorimotor
D) Formal Operational

Answer 23

B) Concrete Operational (7-11 years old), mastery of conversations and mental operations applied to concrete events. Irreversibility is understood (certain things have an irreversible state)

Question 24

In which stage does Piaget propose that individuals can think logically about abstract concepts and hypothetical situations?
A) Sensorimotor
B) Preoperational
C) Concrete Operational
D) Formal Operational

Answer 24

D) Formal Operational (mental operations applied to abstract ideas, logical, ands systemic thinking) begin to develop moral reasoning and can think of answers to hypotheticals (11-18 years old)

Question 25

In Kohlberg’s moral development, which stage involves the belief that morality is based on mutual benefit and social contracts? A) Social Contract and Individual Rights B) Law and Order C) Interpersonal Relationships D) Universal Ethical Principles

Answer 25

A) Social Contract and Individual Rights

Question 26

At which level of Kohlberg’s moral development do individuals focus on maintaining law and order and fulfilling societal obligations? A) Preconventional B) Conventional C) Postconventional D) Autonomous

Answer 26

B) Conventional

Question 27

Which stage in Freud’s psychosexual theory is associated with the pleasure derived from control over bowel and bladder elimination? A) Oral Stage B) Phallic Stage C) Anal Stage D) Latency Stage

Answer 27

C) Anal Stage

Question 28

In Freud’s theory, which stage occurs from birth to 18 months and focuses on pleasure derived from oral activities such as sucking? A) Phallic Stage B) Oral Stage C) Genital Stage D) Latency Stage

Answer 28

B) Oral Stage

Question 29

Which attachment style is often observed in children who are inconsistent in their reactions to the caregiver, sometimes seeking comfort and at other times avoiding it? A) Secure Attachment B) Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment C) Avoidant Attachment D) Disorganized Attachment

Answer 29

D) Disorganized Attachment

Question 30

Bowlby emphasized the importance of a primary caregiver in a child’s development. He termed this emotional bond as: A) Proximity Seeking B) Attachment Security C) Secure Base D) Exploration

Answer 30

C) Secure Base

Question 31

What is the primary conflict in Erikson's stage of "Industry vs. Inferiority"? A) Developing a sense of independence B) Developing a sense of competence and ability to work with others C) Establishing a sense of personal identity D) Developing intimate relationships

Answer 31

B) Developing a sense of competence and ability to work with others

Question 32

Which concept in Piaget's theory refers to the child’s ability to understand that the quantity of an object remains the same despite changes in its shape? A) Egocentrism B) Accommodation C) Conservation D) Assimilation

Answer 32

C) Conservation

Question 33

Which Kohlberg stage is marked by a focus on interpersonal relationships and seeking approval from others? A) Obedience and Punishment B) Law and Order C) Social Contract D) Interpersonal Relationships

Answer 33

D) Interpersonal Relationships

Question 34

Freud’s Latency stage is characterized by which of the following? A) Sexual desires are dormant and children focus on developing skills and friendships. B) Children experience conflicts over bodily control. C) Children develop sexual attraction to the opposite-sex parent. D) Children explore their environment through oral activities.

Answer 34

A) Sexual desires are dormant and children focus on developing skills and friendships.

Question 35

What is the term used to describe a child’s use of their caregiver as a secure base from which they explore the environment? A) Separation Anxiety B) Attachment Behavior C) Secure Base D) Emotional Bonding

Answer 35

C) Secure Base

Question 36

What is the focus of the "Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt" stage in Erikson's theory? A) Developing trust in caregivers B) Developing a sense of personal control and independence C) Establishing intimate relationships D) Developing a sense of identity

Answer 36

B) Developing a sense of personal control and independence

Question 37

According to Piaget, children in the preoperational stage struggle with which concept? A) Conservation B) Object permanence C) Hypothetical reasoning D) Reflexes

Answer 37

A) Conservation (2-7 years), lack the ability to conserve, which is the understanding that the quantity of something remains the same even if its appearance changes

Question 38

Which of Freud’s stages is associated with the development of adult sexuality? A) Phallic Stage B) Latency Stage C) Genital Stage D) Oral Stage

Answer 38

C) Genital Stage

Question 39

In Mahler's theory, which subphase involves a child's realization of their separateness from their mother, leading to increased exploration? A) Symbiotic Phase B) Differentiation Subphase C) Practicing Subphase D) Object Constancy

Answer 39

B) Differentiation Subphase

Question 40

Which attachment style is characterized by inconsistent and unpredictable responses from the caregiver, leading to confusion in the child? A) Secure Attachment B) Avoidant Attachment C) Anxious-Ambivalent Attachment D) Disorganized Attachment

Answer 40

D) Disorganized Attachment

Question 41

A politician recently admitted his arrangement with the pharmaceutical industry, which involved writing key legislation to mandate vaccinations if the industry would, in return, finance the majority of his re-election campaign. According to Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development, at which level of moral development was the politician operating? A) Pre-conventional Morality B) Conventional Morality C) Post-Conventional Morality D) Morality of Social Contract

Answer 41

A) Pre-conventional Morality- Pre-conventional Morality is Level 1, Stage 2 and involves "you scratch my back and I'll scratch your back" types of behavior.

Question 42

In working with a client, you become aware that she persistently behaves in ways to please or gain the approval of others. While this is not always problematic, you discover that she is obsessed with wearing the "right" clothes, living in the "right" neighborhood, and marrying the "right" person. At present, her finances are in a shambles as she tries desperately to "keep up with the Joneses," and her romantic life is suffering, as she only pursues relations that she believes others think are optimum, rather than judging relationships on more personally relevant values, such as her feelings for them, baseline compatibility, etc. Utilizing Kohlberg's Theory of Moral Development, specify the Level and Stage of moral development that applies to this individual: a. Conventional Level, Stage 3. b. Pre-conventional Level, Stage 1. c. Post-conventional Level, Stage 6. d. Conventional Level, Stage 4.

Answer 42

a. Conventional Level, Stage 3.