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Developmet Of the Urinary System Flashcards

1
Q

What does the intermediate mesenchyme give rise to?

A

Urogenital ridge

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2
Q

What components make up the urogenital ridge?

A

Nephrogenic cord
Gonadal ridge

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3
Q

What structures make up the nephrogenic cord?

A

Pronephroi
Mesonephroi
Metanephroi

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4
Q

What structure does the pronephroi give rise to?

A

Rudimentary, non-functional kidneys

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5
Q

When do the rudimentary, non-functional kidneys appear? When do they regress?

A

Around the third week of gestation and regress by the fifth week

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6
Q

What structure does the mesonephroi give rise to?

A

Interim kidneys for the first trimester
Mesonephric duct (Wolffian duct)

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7
Q

What induces the development of the mesonephroi?

A

Pronephric duct

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8
Q

What structure does the metanephroi give rise to?

A

Permanent kidneys

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9
Q

How does the metanephros develop?

A

From the mesonephric outgrowth called ureteric bud

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10
Q

When does the metanephros develop?

A

During week 5

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11
Q

When is the metanephros fully canalised and functioning?

A

By week 10

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12
Q

What are the derivatives of the metanephros?

A

Ureteric bud
Metanephric mesenchyme

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13
Q

What does the ureteric bud develop into? (3)

A
  1. Ureter
  2. Pelvises
  3. Calyces and collecting ducts
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14
Q

What causes the metanephric mesenchyme to differentiate? And to what?

A

Interaction with ureteric bud causes metanephric mesenchyme to differential the renal structures from collecting tubules to glomerulus

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15
Q

What are the components of the interim kidneys?

A

Glomeruli and mesonephric tubules

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16
Q

What structures does the metanephric blastema give rise to? (4)

A
  1. DCT
  2. Loop of Henle
  3. PCT
  4. Renal corpuscle
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17
Q

What is the relation between collecting tubules and metanephric blastema?

A

Metanephric blastema surrounds newly formed collecting tubules –> mesenchymal cells transform themselves and form metanephric vesicles

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18
Q

When is the kidney lobulated?

A

During the fetal stage, lobulation disappears in infancy

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19
Q

What does it mean if lobulation persists in adulthood, too?

A

Caused by incomplete fusion of the developing renal lobules

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20
Q

What is the location of the metanephric kidneys?

A

They lie close to each other in the pelvis

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21
Q

What is the rotation of the kidneys like?

A
  1. The caudal part of the embryo grows away from the kidneys so that the kidneys occupy progressively higher cranial levels
  2. As the kidneys change their position and “ascend”, they rotate medially almost 90o
  3. By the 9th week, the kidneys come in contact with the suprarenal glands as they attain their adult position
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22
Q

Initially, the renal arteries are branches of what?

A

The common iliac arteries

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23
Q

Later on, where do the kidneys start receiving blood from?

A

The distal end of the aorta

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24
Q
A
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25
Where do the kidneys receive their most cranial arterial branches from?
The abdominal aorta eventually becomes the renal arteries
26
What happens to the caudal primordial arterial branches that supply the kidneys?
They undergo involution and disappear
27
What is unilateral renal agenesis?
Failure of the ureteric buds to form and penetrate the metanephrogenic blastema--> no kidney formation
28
Who is more often affected by unilateral renal agenesis?
Boys > girls
29
Which kidney is often absent in the unilateral renal agenesis?
The left one
30
What happens if there is bilateral renal agenesis?
Incompatible with postnatal life
31
What is the bilateral renal agenesis known as?
Potter's syndrome
32
What is the path of events with Potter's syndrome?
Bilateral renal agenesis --> oligohydramnios --> fetal compression --> limb deformities, facial deformities, pulmonary hypoplasia
33
Where are ectopic kidneys most often found?
Located in the pelvis
34
Where do some ectopic kidneys lie?
In the inferior part of the abdomen
35
How do pelvic kidneys and other forms of ectopia arise?
Failure of the kidneys to "ascend"
36
What causes the horseshoe kidney formation?
Fusion of inferior poles of kidneys
37
What prevents ascension of the kidneys in the scenario of horseshoe formation?
Prevented by the inferior mesenteric artery, caught by the root of the artery
38
What is the kidney function like in the horseshoe formation?
Normal kidney function
39
Why is the horseshoe kidney formation usually associated with infections?
Urinary stasis --> infection or stone formation beacuse of the curved structure of the ureter
40
If there is no rotation of the kidneys, what is their position like?
Same as the embryonic position, the hilum faces anteriorly
41
If there is over-rotation, what is the position of the kidneys like?
The renal hilum faces posteriorly, rotation has progressed too far
42
What is lateral rotation of the kidneys like?
The kidney faces laterally
43
What does incomplete division of the ureteric primordium lead to?
Divided kidney with a bifid ureter
44
What does complete division of the ureteric primordium lead to?
Double kidney with a bifid (merged) ureter or with separte completely ureters
45
What causes supernumerary kidney?
The presence of TWO ureteric buds
46
What causes supernumerary kidney?
Formation of two metanephric diverticula
47
What is crossed fused renal ectopia?
Kidney migrates to the opposite side, one kidney ascends to its normal position, carrying the other one with it
48
What causes crossed fused renal ectopia?
Developing kidneys fuse while they are in the pelvis
49
Which structure separates the cloaca into different components, and what are they?
Urorectal septum seaparates the cloaca into urogenital sinus (anteriorly) and rectum (posteriorly)
50
Which structure penetrates the mesonephric duct? What happens?
The ureteric duct penetrates the mesonephric duct --> dissolves in the posterior wall of the urinary bladder --> forms the trigone
51
What are the different parts of the urogenital sinus?
1. Cranial vesical part 2. Middle pelvic part 3. Caudal genital part
52
What does the cranial visceral part give rise to?
Most of the bladder Allantois --> urachus --> median umbilical ligament
53
What does the middle pelvic part of the urogenital sinus give rise to?
1. Neck of bladder 2. Intramural urethra 3. Prostatic urethra 4. Membranous urethra 5. Entire female urethra
54
What does the caudal genital part of the urogenital sinus give rise to?
Spongy urethra
55
What is a urachal sinus ?
Urachus does not seal close to the umbilicus and leads to a blind-ending tract from the umbilicus into the urachus called a sinus.
56
What is a urachal fistula?
Urachus does not seal off, and there is a connection between the bladder and the umbilicus
56
What is a urachal cyst?
Sac of tissue and fluid between the bladder and umbilicus.
57
58
What causes urachal cyst?
The urachus does not complete its natural structural change, it can allow a fluid pocket to build up
59
What is the relation between the mesonephric ducts and the seminal vesicles?
The seminal vesicles sprout from the distal mesonephric ducts in response to testosterone during the 10th week of fetal development
60
What is the relation between the ductus deferens and mesonephric ducts?
The mesonephric duct becomes the ductus deferens and the epididymis, opening into the urogenital sinus
61
Which part of the male urethra epithelium is derived from the ectoderm? Where is the rest of the male urethra derived from?
Navicular fossa The rest of it is derived from the endoderm of the urogenital sinus
62
Where is the female urethra epithelium derived from?
The endoderm of the urogenital sinus ONLY
63

Renal System (24 decks)

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