Deviance, Ethics, Learning, and Sleep Flashcards
(29 cards)
define deviance
the state of departing from accepted standards of behaviour
define social control
the processes by which society regulates individual or group behaviour to maintain order
who was Robert Hare and what did he do
-Canadian Forensic Psychologist
-Known for his research in criminal psychology
-Specializes in psychopathy
-developed a checklist to determine if a person is a psychopath
define serial killer
a person who commits a series of murders typically having a predictable behaviour pattern
define psychopath
-a person having an egocentric and antisocial personality
-lacks remorse for their actions
-has an absence of empathy
-criminal tendencies
define empathy
the ability to understand and share the feelings of another
what was the Asch experiment
-participants were asked to judge the length of lines
-fake participants chose the wrong answers
-participants felt pressure to conform and chose the wrong answer
what was the milgram experiment
-partipants were divided into teachers and learners
-learners had a script to follow
-teachers thought they were teaching the learners to memorize words and were to shock the learners if an answer was incorrect
-although the learners cried for help the teaches kept shocking them
-tested how well people will follow authority
what was the zimbardo experiment
-studied the effects of role playing on reality
-participants were divided into prisoners and guards and placed into a fake prison
-guards established their own rules and hurt the prisoners
-by the end of the experiment the experimenters could not tell where the role playing ended and reality began
define ethics
the moral principles or rules people use to decide what is right or wrong
what are the ethical guidelines for social science research
-protect partipants from injury or psychological harm
-obtain consent
-respect the participants privacy
-deception is allowed
-all experiments involving humans must be reviewed
what is classical conditioning
-when two stimuli are repeatedly paired
-Ivan Pavlov experiments with dogs involving the amount of saliva produced when given food and used this information to create a conditioned response to conditioned stimuli
what is operant learning
-most behaviour is not because of pairing of unrelated stimuli
-BF skinner used a rat in a cage and the rat learned to pull a lever to get food
-uses rewards and punishments
define positive reinforcement
an action that increases the likelihood of a certain behaviour being repeated
define negative reinforcement
a behaviour that is encouraged by taking negative stimuli away from
define punishment
an action decreases the likelihood of a behaviour being repeated
what is observational learning
-behaviour that is repeated based on seeing someone else do it
-steps: attention, retention, reproduction, motivation
what is stage 1 of sleep
-sleepiness
- you enter into a light sleep
-experience non-rapid eye movements, muscle relaxation, slow heart rate
-first 5-10 minutes where body preps to enter a deep sleep
what is stage 2 of sleep
-light sleep
- 50% of time sleep is spent in stage 2
-brain slows down, muscles relax, heart rate slows
-total relaxation
-non-rapid eye movements
what are stages 3 and 4 of sleep
-deep sleep
-wake up groggy
-completely asleep
-non-rapid eye movements, muscles quit moving but still function
-hardest to wake up during stage 4
-about 30 minutes
-growth, repair muscles, control appetite
what is stage 5 of sleep
-REM/Dreaming
-takes place 90 minutes after falling asleep and lasts 10 minutes
-rapid eye movement
-20% of time spent here
-brain very active, arms and legs are temporarily paralyzed
-where dreaming happens
-cycle begins again
what is a daydream
- level of consciousness between sleep and wakefulness
-imagination decreases our level of awareness
what is a lucid dream
-when you realize you are dreaming in the middle of a dream
-most people wake up at this time
