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POLITICS > DEWFALL - CONSERVATISM > Flashcards

DEWFALL - CONSERVATISM Flashcards

1
Q

which three things influenced the creation of conservatism?

A
  • glorious revolution
  • enlightenment
  • french revolution
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2
Q

what was the enlightenment?

A
  • individualist ideas brought further into society
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3
Q

who is the father of conservatism?

A
  • Edmund Burke
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4
Q

how did the French Revolution influence the creation of conservatism?

A
  • extreme changes with the aim of liberty, left disorder and a favouring of small systematic changes
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5
Q

what do conservatives think about human nature?

A
  • humans are imperfect that is fixed and constant, emotional > rational
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6
Q

who said this?
“nasty, brutish and short”

A

Thomas Hobbes

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7
Q

what did Burke say about achievement?

A
  • there is a chasm (gap) between achievement and desire
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8
Q

what 3 things influence how we behave according to Burke?

A
  • custom
  • habit
  • experience
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9
Q

are humans capable of kindness?

A
  • according to Burke, yes, as long as it’s rooted in history, tradition and the christian church
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10
Q

humans are more communal,
true or false

A
  • true, humans gain comfort from small communities
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11
Q

how did Michael Oakeshott update Burke’s theory?

A
  • conservatism is more psychology than ideology
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12
Q

how did Robert Nozick update Burke’s theory?

A
  • highlight the yearning for individual freedom and free enterprise
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13
Q

how did Ayn Rand update Burke’s theory?

A
  • human nature is driven by self-interest
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14
Q

what is localism?

A
  • society is a collection of small communities
  • Burke called these “little platoons”
  • these provide security, status and inspiration
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15
Q

what is organicism?

A
  • society emerges gradually and naturally
  • view society as a plant growing in unpredictable ways
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16
Q

what is empiricism?

A
  • preference for evidence over theory
  • deal with society practically, not concerned with future society
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17
Q

what does it mean to view society normatively?

A
  • “this is how it is” mindset
  • how society ought to be
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18
Q

how does tradition effect conservatism?

A
  • conservative society heavily relies of tradition
  • customs form security in an uncertain world
  • change should thus be slow
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19
Q

how does hierarchy effect conservatism?

A
  • imperfections of human nature make people inequal
  • (Burke) “the wiser, stronger and more opulent (rich)” establish a hierarchy of power and privilege
  • the above should take care of the weaker in a father-child way
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20
Q

what is Judeo-Christian morality?

A
  • strong attachment to religion and belief in original sin
  • emphasis on ethics of Judaism and Christianity
  • “dysfunctional individuals are not the products of dysfunctional societies”
  • marriage, accountablity etc
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21
Q

what beliefs do conservatives have about property?

A
  • property is inherited, providing stability
    (“partnership between those who are living, those who are dead and those who are yet to be born” - Burke)
  • property ownerships = stake in society
  • (NEW RIGHT) wish to have a property owning democracy
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22
Q

what do conservatives believe about the state?

A
  • state serves a disciplinary function
  • no order without liberty
  • state precedes society
  • individual rights dependent on law and order
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23
Q

conservatives are —- likely to demand a codified constitution . why?

A
  • less
  • evolution over revolution
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24
Q

what do conservatives have to say about the class system?

A
  • there is a ruling class
  • hierarchical state which acknowledges aristocratic and hereditary ruling class
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25
Q

what is the nation-state ?

A
  • all conservatives agree the nation is a mega-community
  • European conservatives believe that the nation came to be before the state
  • British and American conservatives believe the state and nation are intertwined
  • “when a nation become flabby, it becomes feeble” Ayn Rand
  • new right believe nation-state functions should be streamlined to ensure efficiency
26
Q

what are the conservative views on the economy?

A
  • capitalism nurtures the economic inequalities
  • conservatives like order and stability which the free market cannot offer
  • assault on capitalism is an assault on property
  • protectionism (state and economy protected by state-imposed tariffs and tax duties)
  • neoliberals influenced Reaganomics and Thatcherism in the 80s
  • including privatisation, tax reduction and stronger police
27
Q

what are the main types of conservatism?

A
  • traditional
  • new right
28
Q

name some tory prime ministers who were essentially traditional conservatives

A
  • William Pitt
  • George Canning
  • Robert Peel
29
Q

what was the name of Burke’s famous book?

A
  • Reflections on the Revolutions in France
30
Q

what did Burke think of the French revolution?

A
  • claimed the idealistic society represented by the French revolution was unrealistic and based on a utopia
  • ## condemned the disregard for history and tradition
31
Q

give an example of George Canning’s significant actions/achievements as pm

A
  • supported catholic emancipation
  • championed abolishment of slavery as it brought property ownership into disrepute
32
Q

give an example of Robert Peel’s significant actions/achievements as pm

A
  • supported the Great Reform Act (1832)
  • ensured representation
    (as home sec)
  • established metropolitan police force
33
Q

what is fascism?

A
  • nationalistic glorification of dictatorship with one powerful leader
  • allows violence in the name of disciple and isolation
  • emerged in 1920/30s
34
Q

what was conservatism’s response to fascism and egalitarianism?

A
  • the “middle way” between socialism and capitalism whilst respecting tradition, national identity and property rights
  • spoke in favour of social cohesion and “one nation”
  • embraced Keynesian economics
35
Q

why might conservatism’s response to fascism be seen as opportunitsic?

A
  • politicians were trying to win the working class’ votes as Labour emerges “for the people”
36
Q

how might the conservative response to fascism be seen as evolutionary?

A
  • “conservatism, unlike liberalism, has always recognised unchecked laissez faire can be destructive as well as creative” Hogg
37
Q

what is one nation conservatism?

A
  • conservatism should prioritise national unity by attending to the condition of society’s poorer classes
38
Q

who advocated for one nation conservatism?

A
  • Benjamin Disraeli (britain)
  • Otto von Bismarck (germany)
39
Q

what is a welfare state?

A
  • a system where the state protects the health and well being of the people especially those in financial/social need through benefits/pensions/grants
40
Q

why did conservatism develop differently outside the uk post 1945?

A
  • revolution
  • violent nationalism
  • totalitarianism
  • military defeat/ national humiliation
41
Q

what is totalitarianism?

A
  • the state/gov takes total control of the citizens through cohesion and repression
42
Q

how is post-war conservatism similar to traditional?

A
  • Judaeo-Christian morality
  • authority and hierarchy
  • sceptic of the free market
  • sceptic of socially liberal causes
  • acceptance of enlarged state
43
Q

what is supranationalism?

A
  • state whose authority goes across national boundaries eg Soviet Union
44
Q

what are the difference between Christian democracy and traditional conservatism?

A
  • wariness of nationalism due to Nazis/Mussolini/Franco
  • experience of invasion/colonisation caused differing attitudes to national identity
  • supranationalism good, like the EU
45
Q

the European Christian democracy is “no nation conservatism”, who said it?

A
  • Roger Scruton
46
Q

what is new right conservatism?

A
  • ## split between traditional and US conservatism (neo liberal and neo conservative)
47
Q

what is new right conservatism?

A
  • split between traditional and US conservatism (neo liberal and neo conservative)
  • minimal gov
  • free market
  • traditional Christian morals
48
Q

what are the new right’s criticisms for traditional conservatism?

A
  • complicit in a declining economy
  • bloated welfare state
  • “feeble” country at the hands of militant trade unions
49
Q

what was the crisis point in the mid-1970s?

A
  • spiralling inflation, mounting employment, unsustainable benefit and moral laxity
50
Q

what type of conservatism did Europe maintain?

A

Christian democracy

51
Q

support the statement: conservatism is compatible with capitalism

A
  • capitalism based on private property which conservatives support
  • generates inequality, defend as natural
  • heart of economics, why change?
  • ruling class
52
Q

support the statement: conservatism is incompatible with capitalism

A
  • capitalism described as economic liberalism
  • threatens one nation
  • capitalism is volatile and dynamic
  • tends towards globalisation > national identity
  • meritocracy challenging hereditary ruling class
53
Q

what do neo-liberals, Nozick and Rand, want?

A
  • drastic tax reduction
  • tighter control of gov spending
  • end of dependency culture
  • neutering of trade unions
54
Q

what do neo-conservatives want?

A
  • tougher approach to law and order
  • less conciliatory approach to national defence
  • less tolerance to immigration
  • reverse policy on “liberal/progressive” causes (abortion etc)
  • promotion of traditional family structures
55
Q

what are the criticisms of new right conservatism?

A
  • neo libs what to “roll back the frontiers of the state” (Thatcher privatisation eg), neo cons want to do the opposite (Thatcher restrictions on trade unions) therefore contradictions
  • more examples include: advancing (neolib) v restricting (neocon) individual liberty, relaxed (neolib) v fear (neocon) immigration
56
Q

who are the key thinkers?

A
  • Thomas Hobbes
  • Edmund Burke
  • Michael Oakeshott
  • Ayn Rand
  • Robert Nozick
57
Q

name some new right conservatives

A
  • Ayn Rand
  • Robert Nozick
58
Q

name some traditional conservatives

A
  • Edmund Burke
  • Michael Oakeshott
59
Q

what are the tensions within conservatism about human nature?

A
  • traditional: sceptic, draw attention to the gap between aspiration and achievement
  • new right: emphasis the possibilities of individuals with initiative and liberty, pro capitalism which creates environment for individual growth
60
Q

what are the tensions within conservatism about society?

A
  • traditional: “little platoons”, paternalistic elites, organic, based on tradition and custom
  • new right: society is a collection of individuals seeking self-determination, meritocratic > aristocratic
61
Q

what are the tensions within conservatism about the state?

A
  • traditional: “born to rule”, prepared to enlarge state in the name of social stability and “one nation”
  • new right: reverse dependency culture, roll back the state, hostile to aristocratic rule
62
Q

what are the tensions within conservatism about the economy?

A
  • traditional: private ownership, sceptic of free market capitalism, cosmopolitan society erodes national identity
  • new right: advocate free market, state functions are privatised and deregulated, tax and state spending reduced

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