Diabetes Flashcards
(45 cards)
What is metabolic syndrome?
A collection of conditions or risk factors for heart disease, diabetes and stroke known also as syndrome X or insulin resistance syndrome
For a diagnosis of metabolic syndrome what conditions ought to be present?
- an increase in abdominal fat (waist circumference of 88cm or more in women and 102cm for men)
- a high blood level of triglycerides
- a low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) level or ‘good’ cholesterol
- High blood pressure of 130/85 mmhg
- High fasting blood glucose level of 2.8 mmol/L or above
From a worldwide perspective an increase in what factors are responsible for the development of metabolic syndrome?
Calorie intake and sedentary lifestyles
Which type of diabetes shows the strongest link with diabetes?
Type 2 diabetes mellitus also known as insulin resistant diabetes
True or false: the longer an individual remains obese the higher the person risk level of developing type 2 diabetes mellitus
True
In the treatment of schizophrenia which medications and most likely to increase the patients change of type 2 diabetes mellitus?
Clozapine and olanzapine
In the treatment of depression which medications and most likely to cause metabolic abnormalities?
Antidepressants with noradrenergic activity
What is pre-diabetes?
Before an individual develops diabetes
Which key organ is the site of glucose metabolism
The pancreas
what is hyperinsulinaemia?
When there is too much insulin in the blood due to insulin resistance. This causes weight gain, high blood pressure, high triglycerides and low HDL-C
What are the signs and symptoms of diabetes?
Frequent urination, excessive thirst, weight loss, tiredness, tingling sensation or numbness in extremities, blurred vision, frequent infections, increased hunger, slow-healing wounds, lack of interest and concentration and vomiting and stomach pain.
What are the two main methods for screening type 2 diabetes
Fasting blood sugar and oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT)
What is Hypoglycaemia?
A condition where the blood glucose level is too low and it is a medical emergency
When a person with type 2 diabetes mellitus experiences frequent hunger without other symptom what does this indicate?
That the blood glucose level is too low
Would we give a patient chocolate to raise their blood glucose level to normal?
No as it does not work quickly enough due to its high fat content
What is hyperglycaemia?
Excessively high glucose levels of 11mmol/L or above
What is the cause of hyperglycaemia?
Due to low insulin levels and or resistance to insulin
What is Diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA)?
A serious condition that can lead to a diabetic coma or death in extreme cases. It is when hyperglycaemia is due to a lack of insulin
What is hyperosmolar hyperglycaemic state? HHS
Where pancreatic insulin is not effective in controlling blood glucose and therefore blood glucose levels rise, to correct this the body excretes through the urine leading to excessive urination therefore excessive dehydration causing complications
What are hypoglycaemic medicines?
drugs that are used only in the treatment of type 2 diabetes
What is tertiary prevention?
A level of preventative care that deals with the rehabilitation and return of a patient to a status of maximum usefulness with a minimum risk of recurrence of the disorder. (This involves a degree of self-care)
What does successful management of diabetes usually include?
A combination of pharmacological, and lifestyle change interventions.
With regards to pharmacological interventions what are the common medications for managing diabetes?
Sulphonylureas, meglitinides, biguanides, thiazolidinediones and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
What are some non-pharmacological interventions for diabetes?
Dietary advice and exercise + the empowerment of the patient and carer
