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3703 > Diabetes > Flashcards

Diabetes Flashcards

1
Q

Main pathophysiological features of diabetes

A

Glucose is not correctly transported in muscles and adipose tissue
Fat is not correctly stored in adipose tissue

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2
Q

Consequences of diabetes

A

Hyperglycaemia
Cardiovascular, renal, retinal and neurological complications

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3
Q

Pathophysiology of late stage diabetes

A

Lipids and amino acids are burned instead of glucose which causes ketosis

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4
Q

Consequences of late stage diabetes

A

Ketosis
Acidosis
Protein wasting
Exhaustion

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5
Q

Difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes

A

Type 1 - inability to secrete insulin
Type 2- relative insulin deficiency (strong genetic component)

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6
Q

Symptoms of late stage type 2 diabetes

A
  1. Obesity
  2. Slow healing
  3. Frequent infection
  4. Pain in joints or numbness
  5. Cardiovascular issues, atherosclerosis
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7
Q

Dietary management of type 2 diabetes

A

Dietary fibre, slow digested starch, no bread, avoid fruits

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8
Q

Consequences of hyperglycaemia

A

It can lead to build up of CO2 in the blood causing acidosis

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9
Q

Names and tests that can be seen with diabetes

A

BMs= blood glucose levels
BSL= blood sugar level
Glucose= dextrose
mMolar= mmol/L
Post prandial= after a meal

FPG= Fasting Plasma Glucose test
OGT (T)= Oral Glucose Tolerance test

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10
Q

What is an oral glucose tolerance test (OGT)

A

Patient fasts for 8-12 hours or overnight and are given a large glucose load
Then blood glucose levels are taken at intervals to see their tolerance

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11
Q

What is a fasting plasma glucose test (FPG)

A

Blood glucose test that is taken after a patient has fasted for 8-12 hours

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12
Q

Tests for diagnosing diabetes

A
  1. Glycosuria- glucose in urine
  2. Blood glucose levels
  3. Oral glucose tolerance
  4. Glycated haemoglobin
  5. Insulin levels
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13
Q

When is it likely for an oral glucose tolerance test to be done?

A

When it is likely the patient has diabetes or is suspected of gestational diabetes in pregnancy

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14
Q

What is glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) ?

A

The amount of haemoglobin that a patient has with glucose attached to it

Units= mmol/mol

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15
Q

What are the prediabetic states for patients at risk of having diabetes?

A
  1. Impaired fasting glucose
    High BSL <7mM and FPG 6.1-6.9mM
  2. Impaired glucose tolerance
    Elevated OGT < 11.1mM
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16
Q

Symptoms of type 2 diabetes: the Three Polys

A

Three Polys
1. Polydipsia- Thirsty excessively
2. Polyuria- Dilute urine often
3. Polyphagia- excessive eating/hungry

17
Q

Symptoms of type 2 diabetes. The 4 Ts

A

Thirsty
Toilet
Tired
Thinner

18
Q

Type 1 diabetes specific symptoms

A
  1. Weight loss- catabolism
  2. Weakness and fatigue
  3. Short history (2-3 weeks of symptoms)
  4. Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)
19
Q

How can the risks of developing diabetes due to pre-diabetic state be reduced?

A
  1. Reduction of weight by 5-10%
  2. Diet
  3. More exercise
20
Q

What is the onset of type 1 diabetes

A

Mid-teens to early adulthood after a trigger

21
Q

In type 1 diabetes, how do genetics play a part?

A

Environmental modifiers to genetic components trigger the autoimmune destruction of the pancreas

22
Q

Symptoms of DKA

A
  1. Vomiting
  2. Abdominal pain
  3. Changes in conciousness
23
Q

What is Latent Autoimmune Diabetes in Adults (LADA)

A
  1. Subtype of type 1 (Type 1.5)
  2. Diagnosed by presence of DM and pancreatic auto-antibodies
24
Q

Treatment for LADA

A
  1. Preserving islet cell function
  2. Eventually insulin will be required
25
Q

Onset of type 2 diabetes

A

Later in life; >40

26
Q

What is Maturity Onset Diabetes of the Young (MODY)

A
  1. Type 2 diabetes
  2. Rare inherited type of diabetes, problem of insulin secretion
  3. Occurs <25
27
Q

Risks of gestational diabetes

A
  1. Increases the chance of stillbirth
  2. Increases birthweight (macrosomia)
  3. Mothers are at risk of developing type 2
28
Q

Drugs that cause extrinsic diabetes or destabilise diabetic patients

A
  1. Corticosteroids
  2. Protease inhibitor (HIV)
  3. Thiazides (BP)
  4. Beta-blockers (BP)
  5. Antipsychotics
29
Q

What is diabetes insipidus

A
  1. The patient lacks the secretion of vasopressin
  2. Produce large volumes of urine because they can’t concentrate their urine
  3. Excessive urination and extreme thirst
  4. Normal blood glucose and insulin levels
30
Q

What causes diabetes insipidus

A

ADH deficiency or renal insensitivity to ADH

31
Q

Tests for diabetes insipidus

A
  1. Blood glucose bicarbonate
  2. Calcium levels
  3. Electrolytes (high sodium, hypernatremia)
  4. Urinalysis- Dilute urine
32
Q

Which antidepressant causes erectile dysfunction?

A

SSRIs

3703 (13 decks)

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