Diabetes

Question 1

Diabetes Mellitus vs Insipidus

Answer 1

Mellitus = “sugar diabets”
High blood glucose and glucose in urine
Insipidus = “water diabetes”
Normal blood glucose, no glucose in urine

Question 2

Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 2

Hyperglycemia due to too little insulin
Autoimmune disorder (antibodies attack beta cells)
Commonly in childhood
TX: insulin

Question 3

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus

Answer 3

Hyperglycemia due to issue with receptors
(downregulated or faulty receptors)
More commonly adulthood
TX: lifestyle changes, metformin, insulin, sulfonylureas, glitazones

Question 4

What are risk factors for T2DM?

Answer 4

Hereditary, poor diet, sedentary lifestyle, obesity

Question 5

What is the normal range of a fasting blood glucose test?

Answer 5

70-100 mg/dl

Question 6

What is the DX criteria for diabetes for a fasting blood glucose test?

Answer 6

Two tests of >125 mg/dl

Question 7

What does an A1c test measure?

Answer 7

% of Hb that is glycated (glucose bound to Hb)

Question 8

What is the normal range for A1c values

Answer 8

< 5.7%

Question 9

What is the A1c finding for someone with Diabetes?

Answer 9

≥ 6.5%

Question 10

A1c correlates with?

Answer 10

Estimate of the average blood glucose level over the past 3 mos

Question 11

An A1c of 6% correlates with what blood glucose level?

Answer 11

126 mg/dl

Question 12

An A1c of 7% correlates with what blood glucose level?

Answer 12

154 mg/dl

Question 13

At what blood glucose range does “glucose dumping” begin to occur?

Answer 13

180-200 mg/dl

Question 14

An equal and linear increase of glucose in the urine is found at what blood glucose value?

Answer 14

> 350 mg/dl

Question 15

Total glucose reabsorption means what? What range of blood glucose does this occur at?

Answer 15

No glucose found in urine
< 180 mg/dl

Question 16

What causes hyperlipidemia?

Answer 16

Inhibition of insulin promotes lipolysis in adipose

Question 17

What does hyperlipidemia cause?

Answer 17

Increase of FFAs and glycerol which stimulates VLDL production

Question 18

What is a risk of hyperlipidemia?

Answer 18

Increased risk of artherosclerosis

Question 19

Ketones are?

Answer 19

Acids

Question 20

What can an increased level of ketones cause?

Answer 20

Metabolic acidosis

Question 21

What is ketoacidosis?

Answer 21

Increased level of ketones but decreased blood pH

Question 22

What is the characteristic triad of diabetic ketoacidosis?

Answer 22

Hyperglycemia, ketosis/ketouria, acidosis

Question 23

What type of DM is diabetic ketoacidosis more commonly associated with?

Answer 23

Type 1 DM

Question 24

How does insufficient insulin affect the muscles?

Answer 24

Catabolic affect
Promotes proteolysis
Muscles wasting, fatigue, weight loss

Question 25

What is insulin shock?

Answer 25

Severe hypoglycemia

Question 26

What can cause insulin shock?

Answer 26

Poor glucose management Excessive insulin admin Increased physical activity

Question 27

What are S/S of insulin shock?

Answer 27

Hunger, sweating, diabetic coma, seizures, drowsy

Question 28

How is insulin shock treated?

Answer 28

Admin glucose