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Reproductive Hormones Flashcards

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1
Q

The Y chromosome secretes

A

SRY antigen

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2
Q

What does SRY antigen stimulate

A

Stimulates undifferentiated gonads to develop into testes

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3
Q

Testosterones role in male fetus

A

Stimulates Wolffian Duct to develop into epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicle

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4
Q

Sertoli cells of the testes release

A

MIH (Mullerian-inhibiting hormone)

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5
Q

What does MIH do in a male fetus?

A

Inhibits Mullerian duct from developing into female genitalia

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6
Q

In a male fetus, prostate tissue converts testosterone into?

A

DHT

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7
Q

What does DHT stimulate in a male fetus?

A

Stimulates development of scrotum, penis, and prostate gland

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8
Q

What happens if SRY antigen is not present?

A

The undifferentiated gonad develops into ovaries
No MIH or testosterone is produced

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9
Q

If testosterone is not present what happens in the female fetus?

A

Wolffian duct will not develop

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10
Q

If MIH is not released what happens to the Mullerian duct?

A

Develops into fallopian tubes, uterus, and vagina

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11
Q

Function of the testes

A

Primary male sex organs
Production of sperm
Production of testosterone

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12
Q

What two hormones are needed from spermatogenesis?

A

FSH and testosterone

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13
Q

Where is testosterone synthesized?

A

Interstitial Cells of Leydig

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14
Q

What are the anabolic effects of testosterone?

A

Spermatogenesis
Bone and muscle growth

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15
Q

What are the androgenic effects of testosterone?

A

Development and maintenance of male accessory sex organs
Differentiation of male reproductive tract
Development of secondary sex characteristics
Libido, potency

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16
Q

What happens to testosterone in males are they age? How is this different than estrogen in women?

A

Slow, constant loss of testosterone over lifespan
Women have significant loss of estrogen after menopause and then it becomes a slow, constant loss

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17
Q

What is the signaling pathway to testosterone’s release?

A

Hypothalamus releases GnRH
GnRH stimulates anterior pituitary to release FSH and LH
LH stimulates testosterone synthesis and secretion from Leydig cells

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18
Q

FSH stimulates ______________ via the __________ cells of the testes

A

Spermatogenesis
Sertoli Cells

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19
Q

Sertoli cells release _________ which inhibits ________

A

Inhibin
FSH

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20
Q

At puberty, the hypothalamus increases/decreases GnHR release

A

Increases

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21
Q

Increase of GnHR release at puberty causes?

A

Anterior pituitary gland to release more FSH and LH

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22
Q

If atrophy of the testes occurs during puberty what happens?

A

Secondary sex characteristics fail to develop

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23
Q

If atrophy of the testes occurs after puberty what happens?

A

Infertility
Decreased libido, sex drive
Secondary sex characteristics reverse

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24
Q

What can cause testicular atrophy? What else can they cause?

A

Anabolic steroids
Can also cause sterility

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25
What is the function of the ovaries?
Primary female sex organs Oogenesis (production of ova) Synthesize and secrete androgens, estrogens, progesterone
26
What are the two cell types of the follicles?
Theca cells Granulosa
27
What is the function of the follicles?
Synthesize and produce androgens and estrogen
28
LH stimulates what in the female reproductive system?
Stimulates theca cells to produce androgens
29
FSH stimulates _____________ in the ____________ cells to convert ______________ into estrogen
Aromatase Granulosa cells Androgens
30
Estrogen is released from ____________ cells and diffuse into the bloodstream or are stored in the _____________ fluid
Granulosa cells Follicular
31
____________ deficiency can cause infertility
Aromatase
32
Some breast cancers are ___________ sensitive meaning estrogen stimulates cancer growth
Estrogen
33
Treatment of estrogen sensitive cancer may include ___________ inhibitors to inhibit the cancer's growth
Aromatase
34
Aromatase inhibitors as treatment for breast cancer is recommended for post-menopausal no pre-menupausal because?
Low estrogen stimulates the pituitary gland to increase LH and stimulate the ovaries to produce more androgens
35
How does estrogen affect the menstrual cycle?
Accelerates the maturation of the ovarian follicles Thickens endometrium Increases uterus contractions Prepares mucous plug of cervix
36
How does estrogen affect fertilization?
Prepares sperm to penetrate and fertilize the ovum Regulates the speed that the ovum travels down the fallopian tube
37
How does estrogen affect female puberty?
Regulates development and maintenance of female secondary sex characteristics (narrow shoulders, wide pelvis, wide carrying angle) Breasts, axillary/pubic hair
38
How does estrogen affect bone metabolism?
Accelerates epiphyseal plate closure Positive effect on bone density Increases calcium retention and osteoblast activity
39
How does estrogen affect blood chemistry?
increases HDLs, decreases LDLs Increases coagulation Increases sodium/water retention
40
What is the function of progesterone?
Prepare female genitalia for implantation and maturation of fertilized ovum Maintain pregnancy
41
What is the target tissue of progesterone?
Uterus
42
How does progesterone affect the body?
Stimulates growth of uterine muscle Increases blood supply to endometrium Decreases uterine muscle activity Increases basal body temperature
43
What do high levels of progesterone cause?
Anesthetic effect on CNS Increases risk of epileptic episodes Increases basal body temperature
44
What does a decrease in progesterone cause?
Observed postpartum and luteal phase Plays role for postpartum depression and PMS
45
Follicular Phase of menstruation occurs when?
Days 1-14
46
Early follicular phase
FSH stimulates many follicles to mature and produce estrogen
47
Mid-follicular phase
A dominant follicle emerges and prepares egg to be released for fertilization Apoptosis of all other non-dominant follicles
48
Late-follicular phase
Estrogen positive feedback cycle occurs Peak levels of estrogen stimulates surge of LH
49
What day does ovulation occur on?
Day 14
50
What happens during ovulation?
Surge of LH stimulates release of egg Follicle becomes corpus luteum
51
Luteal Phase of menstruation occurs when?
Days 14-28
52
Early luteal phase
Corpus lutem secretes increasing amount of estrogen, progesterone, and inhibin Optimize conditions for fertilization
53
Late luteal phase if fertilization occurs
Fertilized eggs implants into uterus Corpus luteum secretes hormones to maintain pregnancy until placenta takes over Inhibin inhibits new cycle from starting
54
Late luteal phase if fertilization does not occur
Corpus luteum stops secreting hormones Drop in hormones stimulates new cycle
55
Hormone levels during Follicular Phase
LH: remains baseline, spikes to signal ovulation FSH: gradually increases to promote follicle maturation, small peak at ovulation Estrogen: Peaks just before LH peaks Progesterone: remains baseline
56
Hormones levels during Luteal Phase
LH: immediately drops, remains baseline FHS: immediately drops, remains baseline Estrogen: quick drop at day 14, starts to increase again (slower/lesser extent) Progesterone: Begins to increase
57
Hormone levels during Luteal Phase if no fertilization occurs
Estrogen and progesterone levels drop
58
If fertilization occurs ______ is secreted by the implanted fertilized egg
hCG
59
hCG stimulates?
Corpus luteum to continue producing estrogen and progesterone
60
hCG injection can be used during the luteal phase to?
Promote pregnancy
61
When does menopause occur?
Ages 45-55
62
What happens during menopause?
Ovarian tissue gradually ceases to respond to FSH and LH
63
Decreased estrogen and progesterone during menopause cause?
Atrophy of breast tissue Thinning of hair Atrophy of accessory sex organs Regression of secondary sex characteristics
64
What risks increase during menopause due to rapid loss of estrogen?
Increased risk of osteoporosis Increased cardiovascular risk

Endocrine Pathophys (12 decks)

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