diabetes

Question 1

what is insulin in general?

Answer 1

the hormone that helps the body store energy in the form of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins.

Question 2

what are the roles of insulin?

Answer 2

-Increases uptake, storage, and use of glucose by all tissues (skeletal muscle, adipose tissue)
-Promotes the conversion of excess liver glucose to fatty acids.
-Inhibits gluconeogenesis
-Inhibits the release of fatty acids into circulating blood.
-Increases fat storage in adipose cells.
-Increases protein synthesis.
-Decreases protein degradation and release of amino acids from muscle.
-Promotes active transport of amino acids into cells. by the brain or other nervous tissue.

Question 3

what tissues are insulin not necessary for glucose uptake?

Answer 3

the brain or other nervous tissue

Question 4

how does insulin lower blood glucose levels?

Answer 4

it promotes the uptake and use of it by most cells in the body

Question 5

what is the most efficient way to store energy in the body?

Answer 5

fat, not carbohydrates

Question 6

what is gluconeogenesis?

Answer 6

the synthesis of glucose from non-carbohydrates.

Question 7

what are the “ingredients for gluconeogenesis?

Answer 7

fats and proteins – not dietary fats and proteins, but the body’s stored fats and proteins.
In order for gluconeogensis to occur, stored fats and proteins are degraded in order to make glucose.

Question 8

what hormone is the antagonist, opposite effects of insulin?

Answer 8

glucagon

Question 9

what does glucagon do?

Answer 9

increases blood glucose and promotes mobilization, rather than storage, of energy.

Question 10

what are the effects of glucose?

Answer 10

1.-If a meal is skipped, blood glucose will fall below the normal postabsorptive level. This triggers release of glucagon from the pancreas.
2.-Glucagon induces the liver to break down glycogen to glucose.
3.-Liver cells release glucose into the blood, restoring post-absorptive levels.
4.-Without the signal from very low blood glucose levels, the pancreas stops secreting glucagon, and the cycle is complete.

Question 11

what is type 1 diabetes characterized as?

Answer 11

the lack of insulin secretion and autoimmune destruction of the ß-cells in the Islets of Langerhans.

Question 12

what is the cause of type 1 diabetes?

Answer 12

-The exact cause(s) of this disease remain unknown. ——there is a genetic component, and other potential causal factors including exposure to environmental proteins and viral infection.
-No specific virus has been identified, although it is thought that it could be a common virus that infects the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 13

what factor is thought to contributes to the development of Type I DM?

Answer 13

A protein found in cow’s milk

Question 14

what are the manifestations of type 1 DM?

Answer 14

-hyperglycemia
-polydispia (increased thirst)
-glycosuria
-polyuria
-weight loss
-fatigue
-polyphagia
-fruity breath

Question 15

what are the treatments for type 1 DM?

Answer 15

-pumps, insulin injections
-low sugar and carb diet
-physical activity

Question 16

what is the most common type of diabetes?

Answer 16

type 2

Question 17

what is the most significant risk factor of type 2 DM?

Answer 17

obesity
-then genetics

Question 18

what is type 2 DM?

Answer 18

where the pancreas produces insulin, but the insulin gradually loses it’s effectiveness “insulin resistance”.

Question 19

what causes type 2 DM?

Answer 19

the loss or few receptor sites for glucose to uptake

Question 20

early in type 2 DM a person will have what?

Answer 20

-hyperinsulinemia: the body makes more and more insulin
-Eventually, the pancreas becomes “exhausted” from the production of insulin and insulin production itself will decrease or cease.

Question 21

what is metabolic syndrome?

Answer 21

a group of metabolic risk factors for type 2 DM, such as obesity, hypertension, and dyslipidemia.

Question 22

what are the manifestations of type 2 DM?

Answer 22

-hyperlipidema
-recurrent skin infections/prolonged wound healing
-parathesia (tingling in extremities)
-fatigue
-polyuria
-glucosuria
-polydispia

Question 23

what are the treatments for type 2 DM?

Answer 23

-physical activity
-medications
-insulin

Question 24

what are the medications prescribed for type 2 DM?

Answer 24

-metformin
-sulfonylureas
-glucagon-like-peptide 1 receptor agonists (GLP1-agonists)
-sodium glucose contransporters (SGLT-2)

Question 25

what does metformin do?

Answer 25

increases the effectiveness of insulin receptors) and decreases absorption of glucose for the gastrointestinal tract.

Question 26

what do sulfonylureas do?

Answer 26

increase insulin production by the beta cells and increase peripheral cell sensitivity to insulin.

Question 27

what are GLP1-agonists?

Answer 27

GLP-1 agonists (Trulicity and Ozempic) work by stimulating the body to produce more insulin and slowing down the movement of food from the stomach into the small intestine, which helps to curb hunger and make patients feel full faster and longer.
-GLP-1 agonists are typically taken by injection and may cause side effects such as nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.