alteration in pulmonary function

Question 1

what characterizes dyspnea on exertion?

Answer 1

SOB with activity

Question 2

what characterizes orthopnea?

Answer 2

dyspnea when lying down

Question 3

what characterizes nocturnal dyspnea?

Answer 3

awoken at night gasping for air
-must sit up or stand

Question 4

what characterizes dyspnea?

Answer 4

uncomfortable breathing breathlessness
air hunger
SOB
increased work of breathing
chest tightness

Question 5

what are the signs of pulmonary disease?

Answer 5

dyspnea
abnormal breathing patterns
cough and sputum
cyanosis
clubbing
pain

Question 6

what does abnormal breathing aim to accomplish in adjustments of breathing?

Answer 6

to minimize work of respiratory muscles

Question 7

what respiratory issue does Kassmaul respirations lead to?

Answer 7

hyperpnea

Question 8

what do kassmaul respiration result in?

Answer 8

increased depth
slightly increased breathing rate
no end respiratory pause
labored breathing

Question 9

what does hyperpnea lead to?

Answer 9

metabolic acidosis

Question 10

what does a cough aim to do?

Answer 10

help clear the airway by explosive expiration

Question 11

what is an acute cough?

Answer 11

resolves in 2-3 weeks

Question 12

what is a chronic cough?

Answer 12

cough that lasts longer than 3 weeks

Question 13

what characterizes abnormal sputum?

Answer 13

changes in amount, consistency, color, and odor

Question 14

what is cyanosis?

Answer 14

bluish discoloration of skin and mucous membranes

Question 15

what is central cyanosis caused by?

Answer 15

decreased arterial oxygenation

Question 16

where is central cyanosis observed?

Answer 16

buccal mucous membranes, and lips

Question 17

what causes peripheral cyanosis?

Answer 17

poor circulation

Question 18

where is peripheral cyanosis observed?

Answer 18

in the nail beds

Question 19

what is clubbing?

Answer 19

a bulbous enlargement at the end of a digit (finger)

Question 20

what is the cause of clubbing?

Answer 20

exact cause unknown
chronic hypoxia

Question 21

what is pleural pain?

Answer 21

most common pulmonary pain
sharp or stabbing pain that worsens with breathing

Question 22

what is chest wall pain?

Answer 22

muscle and rib pain
(can be from airways)

Question 23

what does hypoventilation lead to?

Answer 23

respiratory acidosis

Question 24

what is alveolar ventilation?

Answer 24

how much oxygen gets to the alveoli

Question 25

what are the causes of hypoventilation?

Answer 25

-airway obstruction
-chest wall restriction
-altered neurological control of breathing

Question 26

how is alveolar ventilation affected in hypoventilation?

Answer 26

it will be reduced

Question 27

How is alveolar ventilation affected in hyperventilation?

Answer 27

it will be increased

Question 28

what does hyperventilation lead to?

Answer 28

respiratory alkalosis