Diabetes Flashcards
(41 cards)
what is type 1 diabetes
pancreas stops being able to produce adequate insulin. so cells cannot absorb glucose from blood. cells think there is no glucose but really blood sugars rise- hyperglycaemia
viruses that can trigger type 1 diabetes
coxsackie B and enterovirus
symptoms of type 1 diabetes
polyuria
polydipsia
weight loss
diabetic ketoacidosis
blood glucose concentration normal
4.4- 6.1mmol/L
where is insulin produced and by what
beta cells in islets of langerhans in the pancreas
how does insulin reduce blood sugars
causes cells to absorb glucose and use it as fuel
causes muscle and liver cells to absorb glucose from blood and store it as glycogen
what is produced by alpha cells
glucagon (from islets of langerhans)
what does glucagon do
breaks down glycogen and releases it as glucose (glycogenolysis)
tells liver to convert proteins and fats into glucose
what is ketogenesis
occurs when there is insufficient glucose supply and glycogen stores are exhausted
liver takes fatty acids and converts them to ketones
what are ketones
water soluble fatty acids that can be used for energy
can cross blood brain barrier and be used by brain
how can you check ketone levels
dipstick test
ketone meter for blood
presentation of diabetic ketoacidosis
dehydration
ketoacidosis
potassium imbalance
hyperglycaemia
metabolic acidosis
polyuria
polydipsia
nausea and vomiting
weight loss
hypotension
altered consciousness
acetone smell
diagnosis of DKA
hyperglycaemia (above 11mmol/L)
ketosis (blood ketones above 3mmol/L)
acidosis (pH below 7.3)
treatment of DKA
FIG PICK
fluids IV
insulin IV
glucose IV and monitor
potassium IV
Infection - treat
chart fluid balance
ketones - monitor
management of diabetes T1
subcutaneous insulin
monitor diet
monitor blood sugars at each meal, on waking and before bed
monitoring for complications
use of insulin pump or basal bolus regime
pancreas transplant
what to do to monitor
HbA1C every 3-6 months
blood glucose monitor finger prick instant
flash glucose monitors with sensor, change every 2 weeks
continuous glucose monitor CGM
management of acute severe hypoglycaemia
IV 10% dextrose and IM glucagon
complications of type 1 diabetes
infection- UTI, pneumonia, skin and soft tissue infections, fungal infections
macrovascular- coronary artery disease, peripheral ischaemia, diabetic foot ulcers, stroke, hypertension
microvascular- peripheral neuropathy, retinopathy, kidney disease
type 2 diabetes
metabolic disorder that causes high blood sugar levels. It occurs when the body either doesn’t produce enough insulin or becomes resistant to the insulin it does produce.
repeated exposure to glucose and insulin makes cells in body resistant to effects of insulin
risk factors for type 2 diabetes
obesity
lack of physical activity
a family history of diabetes
age
black african, caribbean or south asian
high blood pressure
and high cholesterol
symptoms T2 diabetes
increased thirst
frequent urination
blurred vision
unintentional weight loss
infections
fatigue
acanthosis nigricans
slow healing of cuts and wounds
tingling or numbness in the hands or feet
pre diabetes value range
HbA1C 42-47mmol/mol (predicts average over 3 months)
HbA1C value indicates type 2 diabetes
48 or over
repeat 1 month later to confirm diagnosis
drugs that improve insulin action
biguanides- metformin
thiazolidinediones- glitazones, pioglitazone
