Diabetes Flashcards
(52 cards)
What is the pancreas and what does it secrete?
-is an endocrine and exocrine gland
-secretes several enzymes into duodenum for digestion (exocrine)
-secretes insulin when glucose increases, glucagon when glucose decreases (endocrine)
Which pancreatic cells secrete insulin and glucagon?
-alpha = glucagon
-beta = insulin
What is the islet of Langerhans in the pancreas?
group of cells that secrete hormones into blood (endocrine)
What is the pathway when blood glucose is high?
high blood glucose -> beta cells in the pancreas release insulin -> liver produces glycogen and cells take up glucose -> blood glucose decreases and no stimulus to release insulin
What is the pathway if the blood glucose is low?
low blood glucose -> alpha cells in the pancreas release glucagon -> liver breaks down glycogen -> blood glucose rises and no stimulus to release glucagon
What is glucose homeostasis?
-the reciprocally regulated pathways of glycolysis and gluconeogenesis
- When blood sugar rises, liver combats
-when blood sugar decreases, the liver combats
-keeps the blood sugar relatively steady (90mg/100mL)
What is type 1 diabetes?
-develops suddenly and in young people
-no functional beta cells from autoimmune destruction by T-cells
-does not secrete insulin
-causes episodic hyperglycemia
-10% of primary cases
What is type 2 diabetes?
-occurs in older people
-insulin resistance or deficiency in secretion
-insulin levels are normal or elevated because the body compensates because they are not responding
-also causes hyperglycemia
-90% of primary cases
What is diabetes mellitus?
-a group of metabolic diseases-caused by elevated glucose levels
What is primary diabetes mellitus?
-95% of cases
-type 1 and type 2
What is secondary diabetes mellitus?
-5% of cases
-as a result of a disease or medication
caused by:
-endocrine diseases
-chronic pancreatitis
-cushing’s syndrome
How is type 1 diabetes controlled?
-insulin injections
-prevents hyperglycemia and ketoacidosis
-mimic basal and reactive insulin secretions to respond to glucose levels
How is type 2 diabetes controlled?
-diet change and exercise
-block liver glucose production
-maintain glucose levels
-prevent long-term complications
What factors can lead to type 2 diabetes?
-genetics
-aging
-peripheral insulin resistance
-diet
What organs can sense insulin?
-liver
-muscle
-adipose tissue
What do the insulin-sensing organs do when they are resistant to insulin?
-pancreas -> beta cell disfunction
-liver -> increased glucose output (no insulin to stop it)
-muscle -> decrease in glucose uptake
-adipose tissue -> exaggerated lipolysis
List some signs/symptoms of hyperglycemia
-fasting glucose of >6.5 mmol/L
-polyuria (increased pee)
-polydipsia (thirst)
-glucosuria (peeing glucose)
-weight change
-fatigue
What are the long-term complications of hyperglycemia?
-hypertension
-glaucoma
-hemorrhage
-gangrene
-infections -> amputations
-peripheral neuropathy
-pyelonephritis
What are the two groups of long-term diabetes complications?
-macrovascular: Complications of large and medium-sized vessels ex. stroke, coronary heart disease
-microvascular: complications of small vessels ex. retinopathy, neuropathy
What occurs with neuropathy complications?
loss of automatic and peripheral neural function
-injuries
-gangrene
-amputations
What occurs with retinopathy complications?
-failing eyesight
-blindness
-glaucoma
what is nephropathy?
-chronic kidney disease
-renal disease
-microalbuminuria
What is cerebrovascular disease?
-stroke
-ischaemic attacks
What occurs with coronary heart disease?
-angina
-hypertension
-heart failure
