Respiratory

Question 1

What are the three main functions of the respiratory system?

Answer 1

1. deliver O2 to cells
2. eliminate CO2 from body
3. regulate blood pH

Question 2

What is respiration?

Answer 2

-exchanges that lead to uptake of O2 by cells and release of CO2 to lungs

Question 3

What are the four steps for respiration?

Answer 3

1. ventilation
2. exchange between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries = external respiration
3. transport of gases in blood
4. exchange between blood and cells = internal respiration

Question 4

what is cellular respiration?

Answer 4

-use of O2 in ATP synthesis

Question 5

What are the four parts of the bronchial tree?

Answer 5

-trachea
-bronchi
-bronchioles
-alveoli

Question 6

What is the relationship between alveolar pressure and intrapleural pressure and the volume of air moved?

Answer 6

-during inspiration: both alveolar and intrapleural pressure decrease
-during expiration both increase

Question 7

ventilation graphs?? slide 6

Question 8

What is inspiration?

Answer 8

-occurs as alveolar pressure drops below atmospheric pressure

Question 9

What is the timeline of inspiration?

Answer 9

-time 0: atmospheric pressure = alveolar pressure
-time 0-2sec: alveolar pressure drop to -1mm Hg

Question 10

who is the cutest poopie that there is ??

Answer 10

akichan

Question 11

What do +ve and -ve mmHg values correspond to?

Answer 11

+ve = above atmospheric pressure
-ve = below atmospheric pressure

Question 12

What are the 5 factors that affect ventilation?

Answer 12

-length of system
-viscosity of air
-diameter of airway
-upper airways
-bronchioles

Question 13

Which of the ventilation factors can be changed?

Answer 13

-diameter of airway

Question 14

What are upper airways affected by?

Answer 14

-physical obstruction

Question 15

What are bronchioles affected by?

Answer 15

-bronchoconstriction
-bronchodilation

Question 16

What is bronchoconstriction mediated by?

Answer 16

-parasympathetic neurons
-muscarinic receptors, histamine, leukotrienes

Question 17

What is bronchodilation affected by?

Answer 17

-CO2
-epinephrine

Question 18

What are the three neuroendocrine systems that mediate physiological bronchial tone?

Answer 18

1. parasympathetic system
2. sympathetic system
3. non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic (NANC)

Question 19

Which neuroendocrine system involved is dominant?

Answer 19

-parasympathetic

Question 20

What does the parasympathetic system do to the respiratory tract?

Answer 20

-dominant efferent pathway providing baseline tone
-mild-bronchoconstriction

Question 21

What does the sympathetic system do to the respiratory tract?

Answer 21

-beta 2-adrenergic-mediated broncho-dilation = reduce parasymp bronchoconstriction

-alpha 1-mediated bronchoconstriction (minimal)

Question 22

What does the NANC system do to the respiratory tract?

Answer 22

-bronchodilation via neurotransmitters

-ex. vasoactive intestinal peptide

Question 23

What does chronic severe asthma look like compared to no asthma?

Answer 23

-alveoli and ducts swell and become thicker = harder to exchange gases

-decreased surface area = less exchange

-in very chronic = the exchange surface is destroyed

Question 24

What is a cough?

Answer 24

-forced air expiration against a closed glottis which expels air and unwanted material

-voluntary or involuntary

Question 25

What is the pathway for a cough?

Answer 25

mucosal surface lining respiratory tract -> impulses relayed via vagus nerve -> cough center in brain -> efferent stimulus -> diaphragm, glottis, chest and abdomen muscles

Question 26

What is asthma?

Answer 26

-chronic inflamm disorder -inflammation causes wheezing, breathlessness, chest tightness, coughing -associated with widespread airflow obstruction -reversible -associated with bronchial hyperresponsiveness

Question 27

How does cold environment make asthma worse?

Answer 27

-the air is drier -cold = body pulls blood to center and everything constricts = decreased blood flow

Question 27

What are the other names for exercise-induced bronchoconstriction?

Answer 27

-exercise-induced asthma -exercise-induced bronchospasm -postexercise bronchoconstriction -thermally induced asthma

Question 28

What is the possible pathway for asthma?

Answer 28

-environmental and genetic causes -> inflammation -> airway response -> breathing limitation -triggers (allergy, infectious, irritant, exercise) -> symptoms -> breathing limitation & airway response

Question 28

What is emphysema?

Answer 28

-destroyed gas exchange surfaces in alveoli -describes one of many abnormalities in COPD pt

Question 29

What is chronic bronchitis?

Answer 29

-cough and sputum for min 3 months each year for two years in a row -related to COPD but doesn't reflect the major impact

Question 30

What is COPD?

Answer 30

-chronic obstructive pulmonary disease -umbrells term for things with limited airflow -progressive, small airway disease and parenchymal destruction -abnormal infl response -preventable and treatable

Question 31

What are the two possible mechanisms of COPD?

Answer 31

-inflammation -> small airway disease = infl and remodelling -> airflow limitation -inflammation -> parenchymal destruction = lose alveoli; dec. elastic recall -> airflow limitation

Question 32

What factors can increase the risk of COPD?

Answer 32

-genes -exposure to smoke, dust, pollution -oxidative stress -socioeconomic status -nutrition -asthma

Question 33

What is the difference between asthma and COPD?

Answer 33

-asthma cause: eosinophilic inflammation -COPD cause: neutrophilic inflammation

Question 34

How is asthma and COPD related?

Answer 34

-they can coexist -can be distinguished from one another usually -sometimes cant differentiate in a pt

Question 35

What are the clinical suggestive features of COPD?

Answer 35

-onset midlife -slowly progresses -long smoking history -dyspnea during exercise -irreversible airflow limitation

Question 36

What are the clinical suggestive features of Asthma?

Answer 36

-onset early in life -symptoms change day to day -worse early morning, night -family history of asthma -also has allergy, rhinitis, eczema reversible airflow limitation