Diabetes

Question 1

What organ is associated with diabetes and is considered a gland?

Answer 1

The pancreas

Question 2

Where is the pancreas located?

Answer 2

Upper abdomen behind the stomach.

Question 3

True or false; the pancreas is considered both and endocrine and exocrine gland?

Answer 3

true

Question 4

Why is the pancreas considered an exocrine gland?

Answer 4

It secretes digestive enzymes through ducts into the digestive tract.

Question 5

Why is the pancreas considered an endocrine gland?

Answer 5

It secretes insulin directly into the blood.

Question 6

What is the major function of the pancreas as an exocrine gland?

Answer 6

It secretes digestive juices into the intestines to aid in the breakdown of food.

Question 7

What is the major function of the pancreas as an endocrine gland?

Answer 7

It secretes insulin which allows sugar to enter the cells of the body where it becomes a source of energy.

Question 8

What disease is a result of the malfunction of the pancreas?

Answer 8

Diabetes mellitus

Question 9

Why is diabetes mellitus considered a dysfunction of the endocrine system?

Answer 9

The portion of the pancreas associated with insulin production is considered an endocrine gland.

Question 10

True or false; diabetes is also considered a genetic disorder?

Answer 10

True, there is a genetic predisposition to developing the disease.

Question 11

How does the problem of diabetes develop?

Answer 11

The presence of more than one gene and environmental factors.

Question 12

What are the two types of diabetes?

Answer 12

Type 1 - insulin dependent “juvenile”

Type 2 - non-insulin dependent “adult”

Question 13

Which type of diabetes is the most common?

Answer 13

Type 2

Question 14

What environmental factors can predispose an individual to the devlopment of diabetes?

Answer 14

1. Obesity
2. Pregnancy
3. Stress (trauma, infection, hypoxia, and fever)

Question 15

True or false; Type 1 diabetes is considered a polygenic disorder?

Answer 15

True, since several genes are thought to be needed to produce the disorder plus environmental factors.

Question 16

Which type of diabetes is associated with viral infections and can be considered a type of autoimmune disease?

Answer 16

Type 1

Question 17

Why can Type 1 diabetes be considered an autoimmune disease?

Answer 17

Viral infections cause the productions of antibodies which in turn attack islet cells of the pancreas. This attack causes insulin production to stop.

Question 18

True or false; insulin- dependent (type 1) patients have more chance of developing other autoimmune diseases the the general population?

Answer 18

true

Question 19

True or false, insulin dependent diabetics lack insulin and need daily injections of insulin in order to live?

Answer 19

True

Question 20

What is insulin?

Answer 20

A hormone, needed to allow sugar molecules to pass through cell membranes where it is burned as an energy source.

Question 21

In untreated type 1 diabetes what sources are used to burn energy?

Answer 21

Patients will burn fat and muscle tissue to keep their bodies going since they cannot use sugar.

Question 22

What happens when the body metabolizes fat as an energy source?

Answer 22

It produces ketones.

Question 23

If there is an accumulation of ketones what happens to the breath of untreated type 1 diabetics?

Answer 23

Causes them to have sweet, fruity smelling breath.

Question 24

What happens to the sugar that cannot be used for energy in type 1 untreated diabetics?

Answer 24

The patient will have high levels of sugar in their blood and eventually that will spill over into their urine to be excreted.

Question 25

Why do untreated type 1 diabetics experience dehydration?

Answer 25

The large amounts of sugar in the urine draw more of the body's fluids into the urine through osmosis. This causes thirst.

Question 26

What is another sypmtom of untreated type 1 diabetes?

Answer 26

Patient can have an increased appetite as well as a craving for sweets because there is a lack of sugar available in the cells as a source of energy.

Question 27

What are the three classic signs of untreated insulin-dependent diabetes?

Answer 27

1. polyuria (increased urine production) 2. polydipsia (Increased thirst) 3. polyphagia (increased hunger)

Question 28

If left untreated- what can happen to a type 1 diabetic?

Answer 28

They can lapse into a coma and die.

Question 29

What happens in there is too low a blood sugar level?

Answer 29

Rapid loss of consciousness (insulin shock)

Question 30

What happens if there is too high a blood sugar level?

Answer 30

Nausea, vomiting, frequent urination, dehydration, loss of consciousness and death (diabetic coma)

Question 31

True or false; type 1 diabetics should drink alcohol.

Answer 31

False

Question 32

When should an appointment be made for a diabetic patient?

Answer 32

AFTER they have eaten.

Question 33

What increases a need for insulin?

Answer 33

Stress

Question 34

What treatment considerations should be made for a diabetic?

Answer 34

Healing time, and appointment times.

Question 35

Why do many physicians want their diabetic patients to have prophylactic antibiotics before dental treatment?

Answer 35

Oral yeast infections are more common.

Question 36

What is the most common type of diabetes?

Answer 36

Type 2

Question 37

How are type 1 and type 2 diabetes the same?

Answer 37

There is an inability of sugar to pass through cell membranes into the cells where it can be burned as energy.

Question 38

How is type 2 diabetes different from type 1?

Answer 38

Type 2 diabetics do have insulin in their bodies.

Question 39

What are the two theories that explain what the problem is with type 2 diabetics?

Answer 39

1. The insulin is insufficient for the amount of sugar in the blood. 2. Tissues do not respond to the insulin that is there.

Question 40

What is correlated with adult onset diabetes (type 2)?

Answer 40

Obesity

Question 41

What percentage of people with diabetes type 2 are obese?

Answer 41

80%

Question 42

What percentage of people with diabetes type 2 have a carbohydrate intolerance?

Answer 42

60%

Question 43

What is it called when a woman who is pregnant becomes diabetic?

Answer 43

Gestational diabetes.

Question 44

In type 2 diabetics how are high blood sugar levels detected?

Answer 44

Routine lab tests.

Question 45

What are common symptoms of type 2 diabetics?

Answer 45

1. Frequent urination 2. Increased thirst 3. Cramping of the feet/calves 4. Blurring of vision * common at night*

Question 46

What is the major pathology associated with either type of diabetes?

Answer 46

Damage of the blood vessels of the body. Called atherosclerosis and arteriolosclerosis.

Question 47

Gradually what will atherosclerosis and arteriolosclerosis cause?

Answer 47

Diminishing blood supply to various tissues and organs.

Question 48

What is the most common cause of death in diabetics?

Answer 48

Myocardial infarction due to atherosclerosis.

Question 49

What is the 2nd most common cause of death in diabetics?

Answer 49

Renal failure, due to damage to the blood vessels serving the kidneys causing kidney failure and thus renal failure.

Question 50

What issues can occur if there is pathological destruction of the retina?

Answer 50

1. Cataract formation 2. Glaucoma this can lead to loss of sight

Question 51

Can the CNS and PNS be affected by atherosclerosis and arteriolosclerosis?

Answer 51

Yes, lesions of the small blood vessels are the same as the rest of the body.

Question 52

If there is pathology in the CNS and PNS what is the result?

Answer 52

Loss of sensory and motor function in the lower extremities.

Question 53

True or False; scheduling appointments around meals is NOT a problem as long as the patient is not taking insulin?

Answer 53

True.

Question 54

Will a patient with type 2 diabetes become hypoglycemic?

Answer 54

Not to the point of causing a medical emergency.

Question 55

What type of diabetes has a poorer response to infection and healing?

Answer 55

Insulin-dependent or Type 1