Diabetes Flashcards
(35 cards)
What is Diabetes mellitus ?
Disorder of metabolism characterised by hyperglycaemia
What glucose levels are used for the cut off for the diagnosis of DM ? (3)
- Fasting glucose levels > 7mmol/l
- OGTT/Random glucose > 11.1mmol/l
- HbA1c > 48mmol/l
What is the normal value for the FF:
a) fasting glucose
b) OGTT/Random glucose
A) less than 6.1 mmol/l
B) less than 7.8 mmol/l
What is impaired fasting glycaemia ?
Impaired fasting glycaemia is when an individual has fasting glucose levels above the normal range but below the diagnostic range for diabetes
State the value for impaired fasting glycaemia
Greater than 6.1mmol/l but less than 7 mmol/l
What is impaired glucose tolerance ?
😭
Impaired glucose tolerance is a stage of impaired glucose seen in any disorder of hyperglycaemia but it is not diabetes
State the fasting glucose values for impaired glucose tolerance
Less than 7 mmol/l (6.1-7)
State the random/OGTT values for impaired glucose tolerance
Greater than 7.8 mmol/l but Less than 11.1mmol/l (7.8-11.1mmol/l)
What are the 4 main types of diabetes ?
1.T1DM 2.T2DM 3. Gestational diabetes 4.MODY
When does T1DM occur ?
T1DM occurs when the pancreas fails to produce enough insulin,i.e, insulin deficiency. This is due to autoimmune destruction of the pancreatic islet B cells
What does T2DM begin with and progress to ?
T2DM begins with insulin resistance and progresses to a decrease in insulin secretion
What is insulin resistance ?
When cells fail to respond to insulin properly lead to IFG and IGT
What is gestational diabetes ?
Gestational diabetes occurs during pregnancy with no previous history or diagnosis of diabetes
What is MODY ?
Maturity onset diabetes in the young is a autosomal dominant form of type 2 diabetes that occur in young patients with a positive family history of diabetes
State the 6 groups into which the secondary causes of diabetes can be grouped into ?
1.drugs 2.pancreatic 3.genetitic syndrome and defects 4. Endocrine causes 5. Wolfam’s. Syndrome 6. others
State the secondary causes of diabetes for drugs ? (5)
CAB IT
- Corticosteroids
- Anti-HIVs (anti-retrovirals protease inhibitors
- Anti-psychotics
- Beta-blockers
- Thiazides
State the secondary causes of diabetes for pancreatic ? (4) 😭
- Chronic pancreatitis
- Surgical removal of the pancreas (pancreatomy)
- Trauma and destruction (haemochromatomasis and CF)
- Pancreatic cancer
D+C can cause diabetes via inhibition of enzyme release
State the secondary causes of diabetes for genetic syndromes (3) and defects
DKT: 1. Downs 2. Kleinfeiters 3.Turners
4. Genetic defects in B-cell and insulin function
State the endocrine secondary causes of diabetes
PACT
- Phaeochromocytoma
- Acromegaly
- Cushing’s
- Thyrotoxicosis
Wolfam’s syndrome
Secondary cause of diabetes
State the other secondary causes of diabetes (4)
- Obesity
- Cirrhosis
- Congenital dystrophy
- Glycogen storage Diseases
What must T1DM patients have ?
Insulin
What are the 3 clinical presentations of T1DM ?
- Mainly occurs in young patients, i.e, adolescents peak age 13, but can occur at any age
- Associated with LADA
- There may be a family history or concurrent autoimmune disease
What are 3 signs and symptoms of T1DM and when do these all occur ?
- Severe polyuria and polydysia due to PERSISTENT hyperglycaemia
- Weight loss
- Ketosis ( KETOACODOSIS and ketonuria on urine -dipstick)
These all occur over weeks