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D&E Physiology > Diabetes and Endocrine Introduction > Flashcards

Diabetes and Endocrine Introduction Flashcards

1
Q

What are paracrine chemicals?

A

Act local to the site of synthesis and do not travel?

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2
Q

What are autocrine chemicals?

A

Act in/on the same cell that synthesises it?

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3
Q

What are exocrine chemicals?

A

Released from exocrine glands via ducts to the external environment including the GI tract

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4
Q

What is the effect of an exocrine chemical on a cell without the respective receptor?

A

No response

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5
Q

What is a neurotransmitter?

A

Chemical released by a neurone which acts locally within the synaptic cleft

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6
Q

What is the neuroendocrine system?

A

Nerves releasing hormones into the blood to the target cells

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7
Q

How is the adrenal medulla activated?

A

Sympathetic NS

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8
Q

What are the target tissues of insulin?

A

Skeletal/adipose tissue

Liver

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9
Q

What is the response of skeletal muscle/adipose tissue to insulin?

A

Increased glucose uptake

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10
Q

What is the response of the liver to insulin?

A

Increased Glycogenesis

Decreased gluconeogenesis

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11
Q

The pineal gland produces what hormones?

A

Melatonin

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12
Q

The hypothalamus produces what hormones?

A

Trophic hormones

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13
Q

The posterior pituitary produces what hormones?

A

Oxytocin

Vasopressin (ADH)

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14
Q

The anterior pituitary produces what hormones?

A 
Prolactin
HGH
ACTH
TSH
Follicle stimulating hormone
Luteinizing hormone
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15
Q

The thyroid gland produces what hormones?

A

Trilodothyronine and thyroxine

Calcitonin

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16
Q

The parathyroid gland produces what hormones?

A

Parathyroid hormone

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17
Q

The thymus gland produces what hormones?

A

Thymosin

Thymopoeitin

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18
Q

The heart produces what hormone?

A

Atrial natriuretic peptide

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19
Q

The liver produces what hormone?

A

Angiotensinogen

Insulin-like growth factors

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20
Q

The adrenal cortex produces what?

A

Aldosterone
Cortisol
Androgens

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21
Q

The adrenal medulla produces what hormones?

A

Epinephrine

Norepinephrine

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22
Q

The pancreas produces what hormones?

A

Insulin
Glucagon
Somatostatin
Pancreatic polypeptide

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23
Q

The kidney produces what hormone?

A

Erythropoeitin

Vitamin D3

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24
Q

The testes produce what hormone?

A

Androgens

Inhibin

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25
Q

The ovaries produce what hormone?

A

Estrogen
Progesterone
Inhibin
Relaxin (pregnancy)

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26
Q

What are the 6 features of an endocrine hormone?

A 
Produces by cell or group of cells
Secreted from cells --> blood
Transported in blood to distal targets
Effective at very low concentrations
Act by binding to receptors
Actions terminated by feedback
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27
Q

What are the classifications of endocrine hormones?

A

Peptide/protein
Amine
Steroid

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28
Q

What are peptide hormones?

A

Composed by chains of amino acids

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29
Q

What are amine hormones?

A

All derived from Tryptophan or Tyrosine

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30
Q

What are steroid hormones?

A

All derived from cholesterol

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31
Q

What is the pathway of peptide hormone production?

A

Synthesised as preprohormone
Cleaved into prohormone
Stored in vesicles
Cleaved into active hormone and peptide fragments and all secreted

32
Q

What are preprohormones?

A

Inactive prohormones in a chain of 1 or more copy

33
Q

Where are preprohormones made?

A

Ribosomes

34
Q

How are prohormones formed?

A

Preprohormones cleaved into smaller units in the endoplasmic reticulum

35
Q

Where are prohormones packaged into vesicles?

A

Golgi apparatus

36
Q

Prohormones are stored with what in vesicles?

A

Proteolytic enzymes

37
Q

Proteolytic enzymes break prohormones into what?

A

Hormone and fragments

38
Q

What is co-secretion?

A

Hormones and fragments released into plasma together

39
Q

What is C-peptide?

A

Inactive fragments cleaved from insulin prohormone

40
Q

Why is C-peptide measured instead of blood insulin?

A

Because diabetic patients will have injected insulin recently

41
Q

What are typical C-peptide levels relative to insulin?

A

5x ENDOGENOUS insulin

42
Q

Peptide hormones typically work via what cell surface receptors?

A

Modulation of GPCR or Tyrosine Kinase Linked signalling pathways

43
Q

GPCR and Tyrosine Kinase Linked signalling pathways work how?

A

Phosphorylation of existing proteins to modify their function

44
Q

How does a g-protein coupled receptor system work?

A

Activated 2nd messenger system and/or ion channels with rapid response

45
Q

How does a tyrosine kinase linked receptor pathway work?

A

Alters gene expression

Slower, longer lasting activity

46
Q

Amine hormones are mostly derived from what?

A

Tyrosine (amino acid)

47
Q

Which hormones are hydrophilic?

A

Peptide hormones

Catecholamines

48
Q

Which hormones are lipophilic?

A

Steroid hormones

Thyroid hormones

49
Q

Which amine hormone is not derived from tyrosine? What is it derived from?

A

Melatonin - derived from tryptophan

50
Q

What are the two different groups of tyrosine derived hormones?

A

Catecholamines - hydrophilic

Thyroid hormones - lipophilic

51
Q

When are steroid hormones synthesised? Why?

A

Directly as needed

They can’t be stored by lipid membranes

52
Q

How are steroid hormones carried?

A

Bound to albumin

53
Q

Why are steroids bound to albumin?

A

Protects them from enzymes

Stabilises them, increasing their half life (60-90m)

54
Q

Where are steroid hormones produced?

A

Gonads - Sex steroids
Placenta - hCG, Sex steroids
Kidney - Vitamin D3
Adrenal CORTex - CORTicosteroids

55
Q

Cholesterol becomes what in the adrenal cortex?

A

Aldosterone

Cortisol

56
Q

Cholesterol becomes what in the ovary?

A

Estradiol

57
Q

Receptors for steroid hormones are located where?

A 
Inside cells (cytoplasm & nucleus)
Outside cells - rapid response
58
Q

What is the effect of steroid hormones?

A

Genomic effect

Activate or inhibit gene function

59
Q

The degree of effect of a hormones actions is dependent on what?

A

The extent of protein binding

The extent of receptors

60
Q

Why are steroid/thyroid hormones bound to carrier proteins?

A

Steroid/thyroid hormones have poor solubility in plasma

Protection from degradation

61
Q

Albumin is a type of what?

A

Non-specific carrier protein

62
Q

Give an example of specific carrier protein?

A

Corticosteroid-binding globulin

63
Q

What increases as a steroid is taken up?

A

More is released from the carrier allowing for a reservoir of action

64
Q

Peptide and catecholamine hormones are soluble in what?

A

Water/plasma

65
Q

Why do Peptide and catecholamine hormones have a short half life? How long is it?

A

Unbound so vulnerable to degradation

2-4minutes

66
Q

How do steroid/thyroid hormones alter protein synthesis?

A

Modify gene expression

67
Q

A [Hormone]plasma is determined by what?

A

Secretion:degradation/excretion

Negative feedback

68
Q

Parathyroid hormone is stimulated by what?

A

Low [Ca2+]

69
Q

Parathyroid hormone effects what organs?

A

Bone and Kidneys

70
Q

Parathyroid hormone has what effect?

A

Increased bone resorption
Increased kidney Ca2+ reabsorption
Increased Calcitrol
(Increased [Ca2+]plasma)

71
Q

(Increased [Ca2+]plasma) causes what?

A

Negative feedback:

Inhibition of the parathyroid cell

72
Q

Prolonged exposure to low [hormone]plasma often leads to what?

A

Up-regulation of receptor number

increased tissue sensitivity to hormone

73
Q

Prolonged exposure to high [hormone]plasma typically leads to what?

A

Down-regulation of receptor number

decreases tissue sensitivity to hormone

74
Q

What are permissive effects?

A

Presence of one hormone enhances the effect of another

75
Q

What are antagonistic effects?

A

Presence of one hormone reduces the effect of another

76
Q

Thyroid hormone has what permissive effect?

A

TH increases the synthesis of receptors for epinephrine on adipocytes - increasing lipolysis

D&E Physiology (10 decks)

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