Diabetes medication

Question 1

What is Diabetes?

Answer 1

Diabetes is a jMetabolic disorder characterised
by:

hyperglycaemia

stemming from:
Insulin resistance

Abnormalities in the secretion of insulin

Question 2

Glucose regulation- how is insulin produced?

Answer 2

Insulin is produced by the beta cells in thei
slets of the pancreas and isafundamental
hormone needed for survival.

Question 3

What is normal blood sugar levels?

Answer 3

Random blood glucose <7.0mmol/l
Fasting glucose <6.0mmol/L
(8hrs after fasting)
HbA1c < 42mmol/mol
(GD using 75g 2-hour OGTT)
2 hours plasma glucoselevel <7.8mmol/L
ORfasting plasma glucose<5.6mmol/L

Question 4

What are Diabetic blood sugar levels?

Answer 4

Diabetic range

Random blood glucose 11.1mmol/L
Fasting glucose >7.0mmol/L
HbA1c >48mmol/mol
Capillary blood glucose (CBG)>11mmol/L
(GD using 75g 2-hour OGTT)
2 hours plasma glucose level7.8mmol/L or above OR fasting plasma glucose 5.6mmol/L or above

Question 5

Name the types of Diabetes?

Answer 5

Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM)
Type 2 diabetes mellitus(T2DM)

Gestational diabetes
Maturity-onset of diabetes of the young (MODY), (check for hepatic nuclear factor (HNF1-alpha) gene)
Latent autoimmune diabetes (LADA) of adults
Steroid Induced diabetes

Question 6

How many classes of insulin are there?

Answer 6

4

Bolus analogue
Human soluble
Human isophane
Basal analogue

Question 7

What are features of Bolus Anologue?

Answer 7

Short acting
Take before, during or after meals
Works within 15 mins
Maximum post prandial peak at 2hours
Acts for up to 2-3 hours

Question 8

What are the features of Human Soluble?

Answer 8

Short acting
Take 30 mins before a meal
Works within 30 mins
Post prandial peak at 2-3 hours
Acts for up to 8 hours

Time of hypo’s occurs 4-6hours after injection andcommonly occurs beforelunch if mid-morning snack isomitted

Question 9

What are the features of Human Isophane?

Answer 9

Long-acting insulin
Acts for 18 hours
Peaks at 6-10 hours
Protamine doubles the effect of action
Main hypo time is 6-10 hours after injections
Can be used once or twice daily on their own or in conjunction with a bolus analogue

Question 10

What are the features of Basal Analogue?

Answer 10

Long-acting
It can be used as a:
background insulin with oral anti-glycaemic medications
Also used in basal bolus regimen as ‘basal’ along with bolus analogue insulin.
Use OD ormultiple dose regimens
Acts for up to 24 hours with a flat profile so hypo are rare.

Question 11

what are the group’s oral anti- glycemic medication?

Answer 11

Insulinsensitiser: increases the liver, muscle and fat sensitivity to insulin

Glucose metabolism regulators: pancreas produces and releases hormonesinsulin and glucagon to regulate blood glucose levels

Insulin secretagogues: enable to pancreas to produce or secrete insulin