Endocrine Flashcards
(23 cards)
What are hormones
Hormones are small proteins and water soluble.
What are steroids?
Steroids are lipid soluble and based on cholesterol.
Where do water soluble hormones bind to receptor?
On the outside of plasma membrane
Where do steroids bind?
Steroids bind to the receptor on outside of nucleor membrane and so do thyroid hormone
What is action of hormones?
Alters characteristics of membranes
Affect molecule inside cell
Activate or deactivate enzymes.
Cause cell to start secreting
Causes cell replication
What three ways are hormones controlled?
Signal from nervous system
Chemical changes
Other hormones ( trophic hormones)
Name to two pituitary glands?
Posterior and anterior
They are connected by infundibulum
Connects it to hypothalamus in brain.
What are the 4 zones of adrenal cortex
Glomerulosa
(Aldosterone)
Fasciculata
( cortisol)
Reticularis
(Androgens)
Medulla
Norepinephrine
What are the steroid hormones?
Glucocorticoids- energy metabolism
Smooth effects of insulin and glucagon
Go ado corticosteroids- sec hormone increase muscle mass
Mineralcorticoids - regulation of electrolytes sodium and potassium retained in extra cellular fluid kidney tubules. Aldosterone
What are steroid drugs given for?
Replacement therapy
Reduce inflammation
Reduce immune activity
Analgesia.
What are glucocorticoids?
Influence energy metabolism of most cells. Smooth out fluctuations in blood sugar.
Eg cortisol.
What are Gonadacorticoids?
Androgens
Testosterone
Oestrogen
Progesterone
Interactive adrenal cortex
Adrenal insufficiency
Primary Addisons
Secondary to not enough ACTH from anterior pituitary
What are the side effects of steroids.
Osteoporosis
Cataracts
Cushing
Demineralisation of bones
Proud rage
Breast growth
Hair loss
Shrunken testicles
Sperm production
Voice chance women
Why not to reduce steroid suddenly
Addusonisn crisis - crash in Bp
What are the neurotransmitters in adrenal medulla
Epinephrine and nor epinephrine
Controlled by cns
What are the thyroid hormone
T3triodythyronine
T4 ( thyroxine)
Requires iodine
Increases metabolic activity of every cell in the body except the thyroid gland
Thyroid disorders quite common
Not easily broken down can be given orally
What is hypothyroidism
Hashimotos- immune
Complication- lithium or interferon
Lack if iodine
Pituitary problems
Congenital.
What is a Goiter?
Enlarged thyroid gland
Treatment of hypothyroidism
May need supplementation with iodine
Thyroxine
Causes of hyperthyroidism
Graves’ disease
Nodules
Unwanted effects
Effects of hyperthyroid
Anxiety/ mood
Active
Intolerant to heat
Double vision
Irregular heartbeat and palpitations
Treatment of hyperthyroidism
Surgery
Radioactive iodine
Drug treatments
