Diabetes Mellitus

Question 1

What organ is compromised by diabetes

Answer 1

pancreas.

Normally beta cells in pancreas secrete insulin

Question 2

what does insulin do in the body

Answer 2

moves glucose out of the blood into tissues for fuel. glucose is important in the brain

Question 3

Diabetes is…

Answer 3

a chronic disease
deficiency of insulin
decreased ability of the body to use insulin (insulin resistant)

Question 4

risk factors

Answer 4

family history
obesity
ethnicity
age greater than or equal to 45
previous impaired glucose fasting
bp greater than 140/90
high HDL cholesterol
history of gestational diabetes or delivering 9 pound babies

Question 5

health impact of diabetes

Answer 5

7th leading cause of death
decrease life expectancy 5 to 10 years
blindness
amputation
nerve damage
cardiovascular disease

Question 6

hormone involved with diabetes

Answer 6

insulin

Question 7

inability for men to get an erection because of diabetes

Answer 7

impotency

Question 8

critical biomarker for glucose control

Answer 8

glycosylated hemoglobin

HbA1c

Question 9

form of diabetes management that keeps blood glucose as close to normal as possible

Answer 9

Tight control

Question 10

two names for type I diabetes

Answer 10

insulin dependent

juvenile onset diabetes

Question 11

time frame for physical daily activity

Answer 11

30 min

Question 12

improves your body’s use of insulin, blood sugar and fat

Answer 12

exercise

Question 13

Healthy BMI range

Answer 13

19 - 25

Question 14

raises bad cholesterol and lowers good cholesterol

Answer 14

trans fats

Question 15

puts you at added risk for complications from diabetes

Answer 15

overweight

Question 16

prediabetes blood glucose level after fasting plasma glucose test

Answer 16

100 - 125 mg/dl

Question 17

gestational diabetes

Answer 17

2nd and 3rd trimester

glucose returns to normal after delivery

Question 18

secondary diabetes

Answer 18

genetic defects of beta cells
endocrine disorders/excess hormones
drugs or chemically induced

Question 19

metabolic syndrome has to have 3 out of 5 of the following

Answer 19

increased glucose levels
abdominal obesity
increased BP
high levels of triglycerides
decreased HDL (good cholesterol)

Question 20

Type 1 signs and symptoms

Answer 20

increased urination
increased thirst
increased hunger
weight loss
fatigue
increased frequency of infections
rapid onset

Question 21

what type of infection indicates high blood sugar

Answer 21

yeast infections

Question 22

polyuria

Answer 22

increased urinations

Question 23

polydipsia

Answer 23

increased thirst

Question 24

polyphagia

Answer 24

increased hunger

Question 25

hemoglobin A1C level

Answer 25

6.5% or higher

Question 26

fasting plasma glucose level

Answer 26

higher than 126mg/dL

Question 27

two hour plasma glucose level during OGTT

Answer 27

200 mg/dL (with glucose load of 75 g) or higher

Question 28

ketonuria

Answer 28

ketones in urine

Question 29

hemoglobin A1C

Answer 29

reflects glucose levels over past 2 to 3 months % of hemoglobin that is glycolated (has glucose attached) goal: less than 6.5% or 7%

Question 30

why is insulin necessary

Answer 30

allows glucose into cells. otherwise remains in blood stream

Question 31

when blood glucose remains in circulations

Answer 31

it acts like the person is starving in the midst of plenty

Question 32

Exogenous insulin

Answer 32

outside source insulin required for type 1 only prescribed for type 2 when they cannot control blood glucose by other means

Question 33

rapid acting insulin

Answer 33

onset 10 - 30 min peak at 30 min 3-5 hours humulog Novolog

Question 34

Short acting

Answer 34

onset: 30 min to 1 hour Peak: 2-5 hours duration: 5-8hours Humulin R, Novolin R

Question 35

intermediate acting insulin

Answer 35

onset: 1.5 - 4 hours peak: 4-12 hours duration: 12 - 18 hour NPH

Question 36

Long acting insulin

Answer 36

lantus levemir onset: 0.8-4 hours peak: not pronounced duration: 24 hours

Question 37

3 areas of education

Answer 37

diabetes prevention management/self care prevention of complications

Question 38

Type II diabetes uses

Answer 38

hypoglycemic agents orally

Question 39

type 1 "tight control" goal

Answer 39

helps avoid complications | goal: HgbA1C < 7

Question 40

why does tight control not work for type 2

Answer 40

mixed results increased death in order diabetics individualized hypoglycemia is a dangerous complication of tight control

Question 41

benefits of type 2 diabetes

Answer 41

-increases glucose utilization by tissue, lowering glucose in the blood -reduces body fat -reduces triglycerides and LDL reduces risk of cardiac disease

Question 42

when to avoid exercise

Answer 42

when BD > 250 and ketones don't inject insulin into body parts exercised (lactic acid build up increases temperature, increases absorption rate of insulin) consume extra carbs have sourse of sugar available before and after exercise

Question 43

hot and dry

Answer 43

sugar high

Question 44

cold and clammy

Answer 44

need some candy follow with carb and protein so BS stays stable