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Endocrine Exam 1 > Diabetes: Pathophysiology and Diagnosis > Flashcards

Diabetes: Pathophysiology and Diagnosis Flashcards

1
Q

is not a single disease, but a syndrome
(Hyperglycemia)

A

Diabetes Mellitus (DM)

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2
Q

results from defects in insulin
secretion or insulin sensitivity in target tissues or
both

A

Hyperglycemia

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3
Q

Hyperglycemia -> Beta cell Loss or Destruction -> Absolute Insulin Deficiency -> Hyperglycemia -> ___________________

A

‘Type-1’ Diabetes Mellitus

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4
Q

Insulin Resistance -> Abnormal Beta Cell Function -> Relative Insulin Deficiency -> Hyperglycemia -> ___________________

A

‘Type-2’ Diabetes Mellitus

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5
Q

are similar to type 1 diabetic people exhibiting an absolute insulin deficiency

A

Dogs

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6
Q

are more similar to type 2 diabetic people where there is a relative insulin deficiency

A

Cats

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7
Q

180 mg/dl is critical blood glucose in ______

A

dogs

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8
Q

280 mg/dl is critical blood glucose in ________

A

cats

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9
Q

4 Hallmark Clinical Signs of Diabetes Mellitus

A
  • Polyuria
  • Polydipsia
  • Polyphagia
  • Weight Loss
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10
Q

What creates an osmotic diuresis resulting in
polyuria?

A

Glycosuria

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11
Q

What does compensatory polydipsia prevent?

A

Dehydration

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12
Q

When Renal Tubular cells are unable to resorb glucose from the glomerular ultra-filtrate beyond a certain limit, it results in what?
(blood glucose concentration increases)

A

Glycosuria

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13
Q

eats excessive amounts of food

A

Polyphagia

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14
Q

In diabetics with a relative or absolute lack of insulin, glucose does not enter satiety center cells, resulting in failure to inhibit the feeding center, this means that:

A

The animal then becomes polyphagic despite hyperglycemia

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15
Q

Unexpected weight loss is often noticed in ___________ but it may also be seen with __________________

A

type 1 diabetes, type 2 diabetes

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16
Q

What is the peak age for pets with diabetes mellitus in dogs?

A

Peak prevalence between 7
and 10 years

17
Q

Diabetes mellitus is more common in _______ dogs

A

female

18
Q

What breed has predispositions to diabetes mellitus?

A

Keeshond

19
Q

What are some presenting complaint of diabetes mellitus in dogs?

A
  • the big 4
  • acute blindness
  • diabetic ketoacidosis
20
Q

Possible findings in physical examination of a dog with diabetes mellitus.

A

▫No classic findings
▫Cataracts
▫Signs referable to chronic
disease
-Muscle, skin, hair, etc…

21
Q

is a serious complication of diabetes that occurs when your body produces high levels of blood acids called ketones

A

Diabetic ketoacidosis

22
Q

What will you see in the examination room?

A
  • No classic physical examination findings
    –- Lethargy
    –- Haircoat – sparse, dry, brittle, and lusterless hair
    –- Integument - scales from hyperkeratosis
    –- Hepatomegaly (lipidosis)
    –- Lenticular changes/cataract
    –- Peripheral neuropathies
    –- Additional findings in the case of diabetic
    ketoacidosis (DKA)
23
Q

▫Typically normal
▫Neutrophilic leukocytosis if
infection/inflammation
present

A

Complete Blood Count

24
Q

▫Glycosuria
▫Variable ketonuria
▫Proteinuria
▫Bacteriuria

A

Urinalysis

25
Q

▫Hyperglycemia
▫Hypercholesterolemia/Hypertriglyceridemia
▫Increased ALT and ALP

A

Biochemistry Profile

26
Q

(T/F) Results of a CBC are usually normal in the
uncomplicated diabetic

A

True

27
Q

Biochemistry results range from normal to marked based on:

A

how long the diabetes have been present

28
Q

Urinalysis results for an uncomplicated diabetic usually
consists of glycosuria without ____________

A

ketonuria

29
Q

Urine specific gravities typically range from ____________ in untreated diabetic dogs

A

1.025 to
1.035

30
Q

▫Glycosuria
▫Ketonuria
▫Proteinuria
–- Urinary tract infection or glomerular damage?
▫Bacteriuria with or without an active sediment
–- Pyuria and hematuria

A

Dipstick Results

31
Q

What is something that you need to take into account, mostly in cats?

A

stress/excitement hyperglycemia

32
Q

▫Blood glucose
▫Urine dipstick
–- Cost: ~$40

A

Minimum Diagnostics

33
Q

Ideal Diagnostics

A

▫CBC
▫Chemistry profile
▫Urine culture
▫Urinalysis
–- Cost ~$300

34
Q

a compound that is formed when glucose combines with protein

A

Fructosamine

Endocrine Exam 1 (10 decks)

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