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Endocrine Exam 1 > Module 1: Endocrine Function of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland > Flashcards

Module 1: Endocrine Function of the Hypothalamus and Pituitary Gland Flashcards

1
Q

Describe the concept of negative feedback regulation as it pertains to endocrine physiology

A
  • common control mechanism
  • maintains steady state
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2
Q

Outline how the hypophyseal-portal system functions and explain its importance to regulation of pituitary secretion

A
  • hypophysial portal system is the conduit that connects the brain to the anterior pituitary
  • allows the neurohormones secreted by the neuroendocrine cells of the hypothalamus to be transported directly to the cells of the anterior pituitary
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3
Q

List the principal hormones secreted by the hypothalamus

A
  • corticotrophin-releasing hormone
  • dopamine
  • growth hormone-releasing hormone
  • somatostatin
  • gonadotrophin-releasing hormone
  • thyrotrophin-releasing hormone
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4
Q

list the principal hormones secreted by the pars distalis/adenohypophysis/ anterior pituitary gland

A

Anterior Pituitary secretes:
◦ Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH,
corticotropin)
◦ Thyroid-stimulating hormone
(thyrotropin, TSH)
◦ Growth hormone (GH)
◦ Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
◦ Luteinizing hormone (LH)
◦ Prolactin (PRL)

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5
Q

List the principal hormones secreted by the pars nervosa/neurohypophysis/ posterior pituitary gland

A

Posterior Pituitary Hormones
- Vasopressin
- Oxytocin

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6
Q

Parturition is an example of _____________ feedback loop

A

Positive

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7
Q

Maintain chemical constancy and temperature of the internal environment. Also regulate mood and instinctive behavior (along with the limbic system)

A

Hypothalamus

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8
Q

What connects the brain to endocrine organs?

A

Hypothalamus
- Thirst
- Body temperature
- Posterior pituitary secretion
- Anterior pituitary secretion

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9
Q

What is the connection to posterior pituitary?

A

Neural
- Hypothalamohypophysial tract

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10
Q

What is the connection to the anterior pituitary?

A

Vascular
- Portal vessels arise from the median eminence
- The outside blood-brain barrier
- Direct vascular link from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary
- True portal system = system begins and ends in capillaries without going through
the heart

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11
Q

Neuroendocrine control of:

A
  • Catecholamines
  • Vasopressin
  • Oxytocin
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12
Q

Neuroendocrine control of:
TSH via ______

A

TRH

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13
Q

Neuroendocrine control of:
ACTH and b-LPH via _____

A

CRH

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14
Q

Neuroendocrine control of:
FSH and LH via _______

A

GnRH

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15
Q

Neuroendocrine control of:
Prolactin via __________

A

PIH and PRH

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16
Q

Neuroendocrine control of:
Growth hormone via ______

A

GHRH

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17
Q

What are the Hypothalamic Functions?

A
  • Temperature regulation
  • Neuroendocrine control
  • Appetitive behavior’
  • Defensive reactions (fear, rage)
  • Control of body rhythms
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18
Q

Control of Posterior Pituitary Secretion:

A
  • Neurosecretion
  • Magnocellular neurons in supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei
    ◦ Transported down axons
    ◦ Secretory granules = ‘Herring bodies’
    ◦ Posterior lobe –secreted into circulation
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19
Q

Stimulus for secretion = mammary gland stimulation, cervical stimulation
Effects:
◦ Milk letdown/ejection in mammary gland
◦ Contraction of myoepithelial cells
◦ Neuroendocrine reflex
◦ Uterine contraction –enhanced by estrogen tone, inhibited by progesterone
◦ Role in luteolysis
◦ Recent evidence –oxytocin is the ‘love hormone’

A

Oxytocin

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20
Q

Effects:
◦ Increases blood pressure (pressor effect)
◦ Increases permeability of renal collecting duct to H2O
◦ Increases renal water resorption
◦ Concentrates the urine
◦ Decreases osmolality of body fluids

A

Vasopressin

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21
Q

Vasopressin

A
  • arginine vasopressin
    • except in PIGS = lysine vasopressin
  • antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
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22
Q

What are the three types of receptors for vasopressin?

A
  • V1A
  • V1B
  • V2
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23
Q

the posterior lobe of the hypophysis (pituitary gland), which stores and releases oxytocin and vasopressin produced in the hypothalamus

A

neurohypophysis

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24
Q

◦ ‘Releasing hormones’
◦ HIGHEST concentrations in hypophysial portal blood
◦ Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH)
◦ Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH)
◦ Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)
◦ Growth hormone-inhibiting hormone (GIH, somatostatin)
◦ Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)
◦ Prolactin-inhibiting hormone (PIH)
◦ (= dopamine)

A

Hypothalamic hypophysiotropichormones

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25
Q

“Releasing Hormones” are released from _____________ of hypothalamus

A

median eminence

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26
Q

Releasing Hormones:
Most affect secretion of more than one anterior pituitary hormone = GnRH (Growth hormone-releasing hormone )

A

stimulates FSH and LH secretion

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27
Q

Releasing Hormones:
Most affect secretion of more than one anterior pituitary hormone = TRH (Thyrotropin-releasing hormone)

A

stimulates PRL secretion, along with TSH

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28
Q

Releasing Hormones:
Most affect secretion of more than one anterior pituitary hormone = Somatostatin

A

inhibits TSH secretion, as well as GH

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29
Q

Releasing Hormones:
Most affect secretion of more than one anterior pituitary hormone = CRH (Corticotropin-releasing hormone)

A

stimulates secretion of ACTH, beta-lipotropin

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30
Q

Most releasing hormones affect secretion of MORE THAN ONE anterior pituitary hormone, these are…

A
  • GnRH
  • TRH
  • Somatostatin
  • CRH
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31
Q

What functions as neurotransmitters in other parts of the brain, the retina, and autonomic nervous system?

A

Releasing Hormones

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32
Q

Releasing Hormones:
found in pancreatic islets

A

somatostatin

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33
Q

Releasing Hormones:
GHRH secreted by…

A

pancreatic tumors

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34
Q

Releasing Hormones:
Smatostatin and TRH found in…

A

GI tract

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35
Q

the anterior part of the pituitary gland that is derived from the embryonic pharynx and is primarily glandular in nature

A

adenohypophysis

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36
Q
  • Neurologic deficits –eye signs,
    headache, vomiting, somnolence,
    seizure
  • Endocrine changes –precocious
    puberty, hypogonadism, DI
  • Metabolic abnormalities
    ◦ Hyperphagia
    ◦ Obesity
    ◦ Hyperthermia (differential for this = ???)
A

Hypothalamic Disease

37
Q

Hypothalamic hormones called __________ are secreted into the hypophyseal-portal system, where they are carried directly to the Anterior pituitary gland and induce or suppress secretion of pituitary hormones. This is an important mechanism by which the hypothalamus controls pituitary secretion and, thereby, function of multiple endocrine glands

A

Releasing Hormones (hypophysiotrophic factors or Hypothalamic hypophysiotropic hormones)

38
Q

Pituitary Organogenesis:
pars nervosa from _________ tissue (2 hormones)

A

nervous

39
Q

Pituitary Organogenesis:
pars distalis from ________ (6 major hormones)

A

ectoderm

40
Q

Pituitary Organogenesis:
pars intermedia from ____________ junction (1 hormone)

A

ectoderm/nerve

41
Q

Anterior Pituitary Histology:
Acidophils

A
  • Growth Hormones
  • Prolactin
42
Q

Anterior Pituitary Histology:
Basophils

A

TSH, FSH, LH, ACTH

43
Q

Anterior Pituitary Histology:
Chromophobes

A

MSH

44
Q

What are the “three groups” of the Anterior Pituitary Hormones?

A
  • Somatotrophin - Lactogen Group
  • Two-Subunit Group
  • Pro-opiomelanocortin
45
Q

GH is secreted from the _________ and _______ in endocrine concentrations

A

pituitary, placenta

46
Q

GH is secreted from other tissues in ___________ concentrations

A

autocrine/paracrine

47
Q

What inhibits GH secretion?

A

Somatostatin

48
Q

What stimulates GH secretion ?

A

Growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH)

49
Q

GH inhibits the hypothalamic release of ___________

A

GHRH

50
Q

What inhibits the hypothalamic release of GHRH, stimulates the release of somatostatin and inhibits GH release from pituitary?

A

IGF-I

51
Q

What reduces GH release?

A

Glucose
Stress

52
Q

What increases GH release?

A

Amino acids
Exercise
Sleep
Antidiuretic hormone
Ghrelin

53
Q

multifaceted gut hormone

A

Ghrelin

54
Q
  • Is released in short bursts
  • Has carried proteins in the blood
A

Growth Hormone (GH) in circulation

55
Q

GH Actions:
GH target cell

A

direct GH-induced biological response

56
Q

GH Actions:
IGF-I target cell

A

indirect GH-induced biological response

57
Q

Biological Actions of Growth Hormone

A

• Bone growth
• Protein metabolism (“protein sparing”)
• Fat metabolism (“lipolytic”)
• Carbohydrate metabolism (“glucose sparing”)
– antagonizes insulin! (think cat with DM)
• Lactation (BST increases milk production)

58
Q

synthesized, secreted in the pituitary
and placenta (an endocrine mechanism)

A

Prolactin

59
Q

What is the mechanism of Prolactin?

A

Autocrine and Paracrine

60
Q

Prolactin is also in other tissues like?

A

mammary gland
prostate
immune cells

61
Q

What inhibits prolactin secretion?

A

Dopamine

62
Q

What stimulates Prolactin secretion?

A

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)

63
Q

(T/F) Placental prolactin is controlled by different mechanisms than those in the pituitary

A

True

64
Q

Prolactin inhibits it own synthesis and
secretion by feedback loops to both the
_________________ and the ________________

A

hypothalamus, anterior pituitary

65
Q

Physiological Regulation of Pituitary:
What increases PRL (Prolactin) secretion?

A

Estrogen
Suckling response
Sleep

66
Q

Physiological Regulation of Pituitary:
What decreases PRL secretion?

A

Pregnancy

67
Q
  • Has no carrier protein
  • Low in males
  • Higher in females
  • Highest in pregnancy and lactation
A

Prolactin in Circulation

68
Q

• Mammary gland growth and lactation
• Maintenance of corpus luteum in rats
• Male reproduction – paternal behavior!
- Birds, fish, other species
• Fish – control of salt, water balance

A

Biological Actions of Prolactin

69
Q

Thyrotropin releasing hormone (TRH)
stimulates TSH release from the ______________________

A

anterior
pituitary

70
Q

________________ decreases TSH release
from the anterior pituitary

A

Somatostatin

71
Q

_______________ reduce TRH secretion
from hypothalamus

A

T3 and T4

72
Q

___________ reduce TSH secretion
from the anterior pituitary

A

T3 and T4

73
Q

What increases thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) secretion?

A

Cold
Stress
Estrogen

74
Q

What decreases TSH secretion?

A

Glucocorticoids
Growth hormone

75
Q
  • Stimulates synthesis of thyroid hormone
  • Stimulates secretion of thyroid hormone
A

Biological Actions of TSH

76
Q

• 29 kDa precursor protein
• In the adenohypophysis:
cleaved to ACTH and beta-lipotropin
• In the intermediate lobe:
cleaved to melanocyte-stimulating hormone
(MSH)
• Canine intermediate lobe tumors make 1° ACTH;
equine intermediate lobe tumors make 1° MSH

A

Pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC)

77
Q

_____________ stimulates POMC synthesis, cleavage
to ACTH, and secretion

A

corticotrophin-releasing hormone (CRH)

78
Q

_________________ secretes corticotrophin-releasing
hormone (CRH)

A

corticotrophin-releasing
hormone (CRH)

79
Q

ACTH stimulates _____________________production that
feeds back both to the
hypothalamus (decrease CRH)
and to the pituitary (decrease ACTH)
Adrenal
cortex
Hypothalamus
Pituitary

A

adrenal
glucocorticoid

80
Q

Biological Actions of POMC Products:
stimulates synthesis and secretion
of glucocorticoids from adrenal cortex

A

ACTH

81
Q

Biological Actions of POMC Products:
stimulates lipolysis in fat cells

A

beta-LPH

82
Q

Biological Actions of POMC Products:
stimulates pigment production in
melanocytes

A

MSH

83
Q

What is the primary hypothalamic releasing or inhibitory factor of TSH?

A

TRH

84
Q

What is the primary hypothalamic releasing or inhibitory factor of GH?

A

GHRH

85
Q

What is the primary hypothalamic releasing or inhibitory factor of FSH?

A

GnRH

86
Q

What is the primary hypothalamic releasing or inhibitory factor of LH?

A

GnRH

87
Q

What is the primary hypothalamic releasing or inhibitory factor of PRL?

A

PIH

88
Q

What is the primary hypothalamic releasing or inhibitory factor of ACTH?

A

CRH

Endocrine Exam 1 (10 decks)

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