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Pharm 3 module 1 > Diabetic drugs > Flashcards

Diabetic drugs Flashcards

(61 cards)

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1
Q

What type of cell make and secretes pancreatic juice

A

Acinar cells

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2
Q

What properties make up the pancreas’ endocrine system

A

islets of langerhans
-beta cells
-alpha cells
-delta cells

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3
Q

What do beta cells secrete

A

insulin

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4
Q

what do alpha cells secrete

A

glucagon

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5
Q

What do delta cells secrete

A

somatostatin

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6
Q

What stimulates a higher secretion of insulin

A

High blood glucose

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7
Q

What hormones will cause an increase in insulin secretion

A

GIP
GLP-1

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8
Q

What is Insulins role in the body

A

lower BG levels
regulate metabolism (Fat & Protein)
increase K+ uptake in the cell

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9
Q

How does insulin lower BG levels in the body

A

facilitate glucose into the cells
inhibit glycogenolysis
Inhibits gluconeogenesis

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10
Q

When is type 1 diabetes often diagnosed

A

early childhood to early adulthood

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11
Q

What causes type 1 diabetes

A

autoimmune destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas

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12
Q

What is the treatment for type 1 diabetes

A

insulin

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13
Q

What is the greatest concern with those who have type 1 diabetes

A

DKA
Infection
End-organ damage from untreated hyperglycemia

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14
Q

What is the cause of type 2 diabetes

A

inability of the beta cels to produce the appropriate quantities of insulin

insulin resistance

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15
Q

When is type 2 diabetes typically diagnosed

A

after 35

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16
Q

What type of diabetes is most common

A

type 2

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17
Q

What are some complications of DM

A

Retinopathy
Nephropathy
neuropathy
CV complications
Gastroparesis, autonomic insufficiency

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18
Q

What is the normal glucose tolerance on FBG compared to DM

A

<100 vs >126

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19
Q

What is a normal A1C compared to DM

A

5.7 vs >6.5

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20
Q

What are the different groups of insulin that can be used to manage DM

A

Long acting
Intermediate acting
Rapid acting
Short acting

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21
Q

How is insulin typically administered

A

SQ
*IV in emergencies like DKA

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22
Q

What are some long acting insulin products

A

Insulin Glargine (Lantus)
Insulin detemir (Levemir)

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23
Q

What is an intermediate acting insulin product

A

neutral protamine hagedorn (NPH)

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24
Q

What are the short acting insulin products

A

regular (Humalin, Novolin)
*SQ & IV options

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25
What are the rapid acting inulin products
Insulin Lispro (Humalog) Insulin aspart (Novolog) Insulin glulisine (Apidra)
26
Which type of DM may require higher doses of insulin and why
Type 2 because of resistance patterns
27
What are adverse reactions to insulin
Weight gain Somogyi effect Dawn phenomenon Hypoglycemia
28
What is Somogyi effect
If blood sugar drops too low in the early morning, hormones are released to help reverse the low blood sugar and may have the opposite effect
29
What is the Dawn phenomenon
normal rise in blood sugar as a persons body prepares to wake up
30
What are some symptoms of hypoglycemia
headache tachycardia vertigo anxiety confusion diaphoresis
31
What are some GLP-1 receptor agonists
Exenatide Liraglutide Dulaglutide **IV only
32
What form of diabetes has a reduced secretion of incretin
Type 2
33
What is the job of incretin
Responsible for most of the postprandial insulin secretion
34
What is the action of GLP-1 agonists
Promote insulin secretion enhances satiety decrease post prandial glucagon secretion promotes beta cell proliferation
35
Which medications stimulate insulin secretion
Sulfonylureas meglitinides
36
Which medications increase insulin sensitivity
Biguanides (Metformin) Thiazolindediones (Glitazones)
37
What are some oral agents to manage DM
Dipeptidyl peptidase-4 inhibitors Alpha glucosidase inhibitors Sodium-glucose co-transport 2 inhibitors
38
What are first generation sulfonylureas (Not currently used)
Tolbutamide Chlorpropamide
39
What are second generation of sulfonylureas
Glyburide Glipizide Glimepiride
40
What is the MOA for sulfonylureas
Stimulates insulin release from pancreatic beta cells decreases production of hepatic glucose increased sensitivity of insulin in the periphery
41
What are the adverse reactions and contraindications of sulfonylureas
Weight gain hyperinsulinemia hypoglycemia Contra: Sulfa allergy / preggers caution w/: Hepatic or renal insufficiency, geriatric patients
42
What drugs are meglitinides
Repaglinide Nateglinide
43
What is the MOA of meglitinides
release insulin from pancreatic beta cells *has rapid onset and short duration
44
What are the ADRs for metglitinides
Hypeglycemia caution w/ renal/hepatic insufficiency (repaglinide)
45
What is the MOA of metformin (biguanides)
Decreases hepatic gluconeogenesis and increases insulin sensitivity
46
What is the ADR for metformin
abdominal discomfort
47
What are the contraindications of metformin
hepatic/renal impairment DKA AMI CHF IV contract Alcoholism
48
What drugs are thiazolidinediones (glitazones)
Rostiglazone pioglitazone
49
What is the MOA for the glitazones
Increases insulin sensitivity enhances peripheral glucose uptake reduce hepatic glucose production
50
What are the contraindications of the glitazones
Heart failure
51
What are the ADRs for the glitazones
Weight gain osteopenia HA anemia
52
Which drugs are alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
Acarbose Miglitol
53
What is the MOA for alpha-glucosidase
inhibitor of alpha-glucosidase in intestinal brush border delay digestion of carbs which lowers postprandial glucose levels
54
What are the ADRs of the alpha glucosidase inhibitor
GI intolerance
55
What are the contraindications for alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
IBD colon CA / other conditions that predispose them to obstruction or perforation
56
What drugs are DPP-4 inhibitors
Sitagliptin Saxagliptin
57
What is the MOA of the DPP-4 inhibitors
Inhibits DPP-4 which increases the release of insulin and decrease glucagon release
58
What is GLP-1
glucagon like peptide
59
Which drugs are SGLT2 inhibitors
Canagliflozin Dapagliflozin Empagliflozen
60
What is the MOA of SGLT2 inhibitors
They reabsorb filtered glucose in the tubular lumen of the kidney. Therefore, by inhibiting this cotransporter, there will be decreased absorption of glucose
61
What is the ADR for the SGLT2 inhibitors
Vaginal candidiasis UTI

Pharm 3 module 1 (3 decks)

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