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HPCT > Diagnostic Cytology > Flashcards

Diagnostic Cytology Flashcards

(122 cards)

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1
Q

Microscopic examination of cells from different body sites for diagnostic purposes

A

Diagnostic Cytology

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2
Q

Diagnostic Cytology [2]

A

Exfoliative Cytology

Fine Needle Aspiration [FNAB]

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3
Q

For preparation of mucoid secretions such as _______ secretion aspirated from the posterior ______, _______ and _______ secretion.

A

vaginal
fornix

sputum
gastric

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4
Q

For preparation of thick mucoid secretions, for smears of fresh sputum and _____.

A

Spreading

CSF

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5
Q

Pull apart is for the secretions of

A

concentrated sputum

serous fluids
enzymatic lavage

urinary sediment
vaginal pool
breast

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6
Q

Cut the surface of tissue such as the lymph node and other surgical or biopsy specimens are imprinted on your glass slide

A

Touch/Impression/Imprint/Abraded Smear

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7
Q

Cells are directly taken from the surfaces of excised/incised specimens by touching them with a clean glass slide.

A

Touch/Impression/Imprint/Abraded Smear

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8
Q

Deals with the microscopic study of cells that have been desquamated from epithelial surfaces

A

Exfoliative Cytology

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9
Q

has been proven to be of great value in the early detection of cancer (routinely done)

A

Exfoliative Cytology

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10
Q

Either came from spontaneously or physically removed from epithelial or mucous membrane

A

Exfoliated cells

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11
Q

Purposes of Exfoliative Cytology:

  1. Detection of _______ cells in body _____, mainly used for ____.
    —Proceed first with _______.
  2. Detection of __________ in women
  3. Assessment of female hormonal status in case of [2]
  4. For determination of genetic ____.
    —If there is a presence of _______, then the specimen is from a female
  5. Diagnosis of _______.
    —- Used to find if the specimen harbors a
    [2]
A

malignant cells
body fluids
cervix

PAP smear

precancerous cervical lesions

female hormonal status
infertility
endocrine disorders

sex
barr bodies

infection
bacteria
fungi

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12
Q

5 Techniques in Processing Fluids for Cytologic Evaluation:

A

Smear technique
Cell Block technique
Membrane filter method
Concentration technique
Aspiration Cytology

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13
Q

➔ Smear is the product of a diagnostic technique in which cells and other components are spread out thinly in a clean glass slide.
➔ Centrifuge the sample and then get the precipitate and then spread it in the surface of the glass slide

A

Smear technique

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14
Q

Example of Smear Technique

A

BM aspirates

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15
Q

Smears are allowed to be completely air dried and stained using:
[3]

A

Diff-Quick
Giemsa
May-Grunwald-Giemsa

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16
Q

Specimens are allowed to air dry first to avoid the _________ of the specimen.

Air dry first before you proceed with ______.

A

air dry
washing out

staining

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17
Q

A _______ is a paraffin embedded specimen derived from different fluids and aspirated materials

A

cell block

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18
Q

Considered as a “microbiopsy”

A

Cell Block Technique

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19
Q

It is mainly used with smears as an adjunct for
establishing a more definitive cytopathologic
diagnosis

A

Cell Block Technique

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20
Q

Cell Block Technique:
Place an equal parts of _______ and _____ and mix and centrifuge and get the precipitate and this precipitate is the one that is placed in the______.

A

alcohol
spx

filter paper

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21
Q

It is a technique for collecting cells using a filter with a specialized pore size.

A

Membrane Filter Method

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22
Q

In Membrane Filter Method, filter is made up of [2]

A

polycarbonate

cellulose esters

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23
Q

________
It is also utilized in any procedure that requires body fluids in very small amounts in sex chromatin determination on ______ fluids.

A

Membrane Filter method

amniotic

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24
Q

This method uses cytospin and ______ preparations.

A

Concentration Technique

sedimentation

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25
➔ The cells are isolated via a series of centrifugation steps to concentrate the cells into a small suspension
Concentration Technique
26
Example of Concentration Technique
Pap's smear
27
This is a good technique because the specimen is centrifuged harboring all the cells in the sample
Concentration Technique
28
It is used to obtain specimens that do not shed cells spontaneously.
Aspiration Cytology
29
It can be carried out in diagnosing any _________ (FNAB/Cytology) and __________ (image guided biopsy).
palpable lesions deep-seated/non-palpable
30
Aspiration Cytology can also be guided with [2]
ultrasound CT-scan
31
Example of Aspiration Cytology
FNAB in the px's breast
32
Preparation of cell block and smear is a must
Aspiration Cytology
33
If the breast mass is cystic → what do we do? If not → ?
aspiration cytology core biopsy
34
Collection and Preparation of Specimen
Cervicovaginal smear Nipple discharge Urine sediment Sputum Pleural/Peritoneal fluids CSF spx
35
If you received _______, the cells are few that’s why after centrifugation, get the precipitate and then spread it all throughout (no need for pull-apart)
urine/CSF
36
Smears should be made from [fresh/frozen] materials and smeared evenly on a clean slide.
fresh
37
In smear preparation, for _________, it is spinned (centrifuged)
effusion/fluids
38
it is for supernatant, sediments and extra sediments
Smear preparation
39
Common Fixatives Used for Cytologic Smears are:
95% ethyl alcohol + ether 95% ethyl alcohol
40
Fixation ➔ Through _____ solution and _____.
fixative spray
41
If smear cannot be made immediately, the collected material should be placed in (for prolonged processing of specimen):
50% alcohol Saccomano fluid
42
I. Gynecological Specimens ➔_________. ◆ Where most cancer cell arise ◆ Can be found in [2]
Transformational Zone Endocervix Ectocervix
43
An optimal sample should included in Gnyecological spx: [3]
Squamous Columnar Metaplastic cells
44
Collection Devices included in Gnyecoological spx: [3]
Wooden Spatula [A] Plastic spatula Plastic "Broom type" samplers [C] Endocervical brush
45
Has cilia at the end
Plastic "broom-type" samplers [C]
46
It is the staining method for exfoliative cytology.
Papanicolau Method
47
Advantages of Papanicolau Method
1. Transparent blue staining of cytoplasm obtained due to the action of high alcoholic content of the cytoplasmic counterstain, allowing overlapping cells to be seen & identified. 2. Excellent nuclear detail 3. Color range is predictable & great value in cell ID and classification , producing a good differential coloring of basophilic and acidophilic cells 4.Valuable in comparing cellular appearances in smears w/ counterpart in similarly stained sections
48
Cells Found in Cervico-Vaginal Smears are Usually Divided Into:
Mature Superficial cells Intermediate Cells Basal cells Parabasal cells Navicular Pregnancy Endometrial Endocervical
49
The polygonal squamous cells: 45-50um
mature superficial cells
50
Have pale pink staining cytoplasm and dark pyknotic nuclei (<6 um).
Mature superficial cells
51
Are medium sized polyhedral or elongated cells [20-30 um]
intermediate cells
52
basophilic vacuolated cytoplasm
intermediate cells
53
Round oval cells (15- 30)
parabasal cells
54
dense basophilic cytoplasm
parabasal cells
55
larger vesicular nucleus
parabasal cells
56
Is smaller than intermediate cells
parabasal
57
Found from: 2 weeks of age of puberty after childbirth abortion after menopause
parabasal cells
58
boat-shaped intermediate cells with a strong tendency to fold or curl on edges.
navicular cells
59
Their presence suggests a combined estrogen-progesterone effect.
navicular cells
60
Found in the latter half of the menstrual cycle, during pregnancy & menopause.
navicular cells
61
Are round, oval or boat-shaped cells
pregnancy cells
62
__________ translucent basophilic cytoplasm observed greatest at the center of the cell, due to _________, pushing the nucleus to the side or towards the cell membrane.
pregnancy cells glycogen accumulation
63
Are small cells, slightly cylindrical
endometrial cells
63
This appearance is characteristic due to a deeper blue stain of the cytoplasm at the periphery.
pregnancy cells
64
less basophilic cytoplasm, occurring in tightly packed groups of [#] or more.
endometrial cells
65
Found during & 1-10 days after menopause.
endometrial cells
66
Cytoplasm is usually stained and is finely vacuolated, often with indistinct cell borders
endocervical glandular cells
67
nuclei with finely granular chromatin
endocervical glandular cells
68
They may present a honeycomb appearance when viewed on end.
endocervical glandular cells
69
Gram positive, slender rod shaped
Doderlein bacillus
70
Most common organism of the normal vaginal flora
Doderlein bacillus
71
PAP’S STAIN in Doderlein bacillus
blue to lavender
72
Numerous naked nuclei with many Doderlein bacilli may suggest:
last trimester of pregnancy infection estrogen deficiency DM
73
Quantitation in Vaginal Cytology
1. Acidophilic index 2. Pyknotic index 3. Maturation index
74
percentage of cells staining pink orange to red with Pap’s method.
Acidophilic index
75
percentage of cells having shrunken, dark, small (less than 8um), structureless nuclei.
pyknotic index
76
Maturation Index ➔ Consist of the proportion of cells from the three layers of the _________, the _______, __________ and ______.
vaginal epithelium superficial intermediate deep
77
Provided pyknotic nuclei of [#] um in diameter are taken as criteria for mature superficial cells
<6um
78
This index, based on careful differential counts, is probably the most accurate index available
Maturation index
79
Reporting of Cytologic Smears by Papanicolau
Class system 1959
80
Obtained to exclude the possibility of malignancy or infectious agents, especially from patients with immunodeficiency syndrome
Respiratory Tract Specimens
81
Specimens under respiratory tract specimens
Sputum Bronchoalveolar lavage Bronchial Washing [BAL/BW] Bronchial Brushing [BB]
82
Collection and Preparation of Respiratory tract spx: ➔ Obtain consecutive [morning/night] sputum specimens. ◆ Up to [3] collection ➔ In a [close/wide] mouthed jar containing __________
morning 2 wide Saccomano fluid
83
Sputum induction of Respiratory Tract Spx
aerosol 20min
84
In Respiratory Tract Spx, for a more extensive study, it requires ____, one is air dried for _______. At least 2 slides should be stained with ______.
slides Giemsa Pap's smear
85
In Respiratory Tract Spx, Sputum are examined first for _____ – for [2]
blood flecked solid particles
86
In Non-gynaecologic spx, with the end of the wooden applicator stick, samples are evenly spread on the slides and immediately placed in fixative for a minimum of [#] hr.
1
87
Prepared by pull-apart technique and fix immediately.
bronchial brushing
88
Specimens are freshly collected in the bronchoscopy collection container and hand delivered to the laboratory.
bronchial washing
89
Collected by aspiration or by washing and submit directly to laboratory
bronchial aspirates
90
From the direct tap of pleural/ peritoneal effusions, CSF, and synovial fluid.
cell suspensions
91
optimum amount of cell suspensions
20mL
92
Cells can remain viable for up to [#] days if the specimen is kept refrigerated at [degree]
2 days 4C
93
In the preparation of cytospln slides, the specimen is ______ ASAP at [RPM] for [#] min., and the ______ fluid is removed
2000RPM 2mins supernatant
94
In the preparation of cytospln slides, a smear is made of the sediment on a glass slide which has been previously coated with a_______, spreading the smear with another slide as evenly as possible.
thin layer of egg albumin
95
In the preparation of cytospln slides, when it begins to dry around edges but is still moist in the center, the smear is fixed in__________.
fixed in 95% ethyl alcohol
96
In the preparation of cytospln slides, if smears cannot be prepared immediately, the sediment should be covered with ______ and placed in the ______.
absolute alcohol refrigerator
97
Gastrointestinal Specimens [3]
Gastric lavage Gastric brush FNAB
98
Gastric smear preparations are quite [easy/difficult] to make, because it's like ______
difficult water
99
In Gastrointestinal specimens, spx should be examined ASAP since any delay of _____ mins will digest the cell making it unsatisfactory for evaluation
30
100
In Gastrointestinal specimens, the patient should have ___ for ___ hours before gastric washing is performed.
fasted 6 hrs
101
The presence of malignant cells in serous fluid usually indicate ?
metastasis
102
If there is a malignant cells in ____, the higher the staging of cancer
fluid
103
_______ can formed after collection, it can be prevented by ______.
clots heparin
104
has an extremely low diagnostic yield for diagnosis of breast cancer.
nipple discharge
105
When secretion is bloody in breast secretions a __________ should be considered. Except during _____ and immediate______, any discharge from the nipple is abnormal.
benign intraductal papilloma lactation post lactation period
106
Collection Technique in breast secretions 1. Gently strip the _______ & _____ using [2] 2. Place the ____ upon the nipple & _____ it quickly across the nipple 3. Immediately drop the slide in a bottle of [2] 4. Secretions obtained from both breasts should be properly _____ as left or right.
sub-areolar nipple thumb forefinger slide draw 95% isopropyl alcohol spray fixative labelled
107
When submitting a specimen in the lab from the breast secretions, make sure that the ______ is included
laterality
108
Major goal of Urinary Tract Spx
urothelial malignancy
109
Spx types of urinary tract spx [3]
1. voided urine 2. catheterized spx 3. washing from bladder/renal pelvis.
110
To obtain a more reliable cytological evaluation in Urinary Tract Specimens, spx may have to be collected and examined [frequency]. At least [#] mL is needed
twice 2
111
In general ______ alone offers a very low diagnostic yield for detection of urothelial carcinomas
urine cytology
112
The collection technique in _______ , should be always mentioned on the requisition form
urinary tract
113
A ____________ is the first presentation of cancer of unknown origin
positive effusion for malignancy
114
Has a diagnostic value in patients with known history of cancer.
Body cavity effusions
115
Spx in body cavity effusions [5]
Cavity fluids [+PF] Ascitic/AF CSF Peritoneal washing Pericardial
116
In Body Cavity Effusions ➔ Placed it in a ____, ________ container, and submitted ____ to the lab. ➔ For delay, place the specimen to ______. ➔ Avoid _____, except to: _______.
clean, non-sterile dry fresh isopropyl alcohol preservatives heparin
117
For CSF, a minimum of [#] mL is necessary for cytologic evaluation. ◆ Usually for ______ studies, not really subjected in cytology
2 microbiology
118
stain used in Body cavity effusions
Wright-Giemsa staining
119
This is especially useful when diagnosis of:lymphoma
body cavity effusions
120
It is also useful for Cerebrospinal fluid
body cavity effusions
121
________ is stained to enhance cytoplasmic details in the body cavity effusiona
air dried material

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