Diagnostic imaging/clinical pathology Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
blood smears are used to
A
protect blood cell morphology
2
Q
blood smear storage
A
room temp
3
Q
2 areas of blood smear
A
- feathered edges
- monolayer
4
Q
manual estimate of cell numbers on smear how to
A
count 10 fields then average results
5
Q
ghost cells
A
- RBC without haemoglobin, so its empty
- indicates immune mediated anaemia
6
Q
2 reasons for regenerative anaemia
A
- hameolysis
- haemorrhage
7
Q
agglutination of RBC indicates
A
immune mediated anaemia
8
Q
rouleaux
A
an artefact where RBCs are stacked on the slide (not agglutination)
9
Q
microcytosis define
A
small RBC
10
Q
leptocyte
A
- thin or flattened RBC with donut shaped pigment in the middle
11
Q
leptocytosis
A
leptocytes in blood
12
Q
with decreased iron you will see 2 things
A
leptocytosis
microcytosis
13
Q
acanthocytes
A
RBC with club like projections from membranes
- indicates damage in circulation
14
Q
heinz bodies
A
- membranes of RBS that are fused causing bulging
- caused by onions, paracetamol
15
Q
leukocyte left shift
A
- younger less segmented lymphocytes that enter circulation
- regenerative
16
Q
right shift leukocyte
A
- older hypersegmentation
- as cant leave circulation
17
Q
biochemistry shows
A
organ function
18
Q
for biochemistry analysis use
A
serum
19
Q
plasma will have a higher …. then serum
A
total protein
20
Q
increased protein indicates (3)
A
- dehydration
- inflammation
- neoplasia
21
Q
decreased protein indicates (3)
A
- protein loss
- decreased syntheses
- dilution
22
Q
increased albumin indicates
A
dehydration
23
Q
decreased albumin indicates (3)
A
- increased loss
- decreased synthesis
- escape into 3rd spaces
24
Q
how are globulins seperated
A
electrophoresis
25
a polyclonal increase (all types) in blobulins indicates
inflammation
26
a monoclonal (one type) increase in globulins indicates
neoplasia
27
3 liver enzymes
- ALT
- ALP
- GLDH
28
where ALT is usually found
hepatocytes
29
where ALP is usually found
biliary ducts
30
what an increase in ALT indicates
liver injury
31
what ALP indicates
bile duct obstruction
32
what GLDH indicates
large animal hepatic cell damage
33
an increase in amylase and lipase in the dog indicates (2)
- pancreatitis
| - renal insufficiency
34
where are amylase and lipase produced
pancreas
35
what do urea and creatinine indicate
glomerular filtration
36
whats creatinine made from
creatine in muscles
37
azotemia can be 3 things
- pre renal
- renal
- post renal
38
USG of dog with azotemia
1.030
39
USG of cat with azotemia
1.035
40
USG of horse with azotemia
1.025
41
distinguishing between pre renal/ post renal and renal azotemia
look to see if the USG is appropriate for an animal with azotemia. if its low then is due to renal failure
42
cause of pre renal azotemia
dehydration
43
cause of post renal azotemia
obstruction
44
what you look at in ruminants for indicator of kidney function
- creatinine
| - urea isnt reliable in ruminants
45
sodium is the main ion in...
extracellular fluid
46
normonatraemia
normal sodium in water
47
hypernatraemia
increased sodium in water
48
hyponatraemia
decreased sodium in water
49
potassium is the main ion in..
intracellular spaces
50
increase in potassium indicates (3)
- renal failure
- hypoadrenocortcism
- leaks from cells due to tissue damage
51
decreased potassium indicates (2)
- loss
| - decreased intake
52
chloride changes with..
sodium
53
what is the active form of calcium
free calcium
54
how does albumin affect calcium
if albumin decreases then so will calcium
55
test sensitivity
the percentage of the animals that have the disease that the test picks up as positive
- so if the percentage is high, if you test negative then it is unlikely you have the disease
56
test specificity
the percentage out of all the animals that dont have the disease that test negative
- so if you have a high specificity then if you test positive you are unlikely to be false positive
57
diagnostic accuracy
the percentage of correct diagnosis the test makes out of the whole population
58
predictive value of +ve or -ve tests
the probability that if test says that you have or haven't got the disease that it is true
59
2 collection methods of cytology samples
- aspiration
| - imprint
60
FNA how to
get open needle and poke into mass several times, then get air filled syringe and blow stuff onto slide
61
how to take an imprint
blot tissue with paper towel then roll it firmly onto slide. air dry
62
appearance of degenerate neutrophils (3)
- swollen nuclei
- pale
- loss of lobulation
63
how to differentiate stain precipitate from bacteria (2)
- bacteria will all be on one plain
| - stain will be the same colour as nuclei
64
mycobacterium cause (type of inflammation and cells)
- granulomatous inflammation
| - increased macrophages
65
increased neutrophils and macrophages indicate
pyogranulomatous inflammation caused by fungal infection
66
round cell appearance (4)
- round to oval cells
- round to oval nuclei
- well defined border
- small to medium size
67
4 round cell tumours
- lymphoma
- plasmacytoma
- histiocytoma
- mast cell tumour
68
epithelial cell appearance (5)
- found in sheets
- large cells
- oval/angular shape
- round central nuclei
- lots of cytoplasm
69
mesenchymal cell appearance (4)
- individual or clumps
- small to medium size cell
- indistinct cell border
- elongated nuclei
70
adenoma
benign epithelial tumour
71
carcinoma
malignant epithelial tumour
72
fibroma
benign mesenchymal tumour
73
fibrosarcoma
malignant mesenchymal tumour
74
anisocytosis
variety of cell sizes
75
anisokaryosis
variety of nuclear sizes
76
macrokaryosis
large nuclei
77
macrocytosis
large cells
78
define serology
evaluation of immune function
79
3 serology uses
- to see if an animal has been exposed to a pathogen
- to see if there is response to vaccine
- diagnose immune mediated disease
80
define immunoassay
use of antibodies as detection regents
81
3 immunoassay uses
- look for pathogen
- measure biomarkers
- immunophenotyping
82
serological markers of innate immunity
acute phase proteins
83
2 acute phase proteins
- serum amyloid A
| - fibrinogen
84
3 uses of measuring immunoglobulins
- look for failure of passive transport in foals
- specific Ig deficiencies
- monoclonal/polyclonal gammopathies
85
serological markers of adaptive immunity
antibodies
86
ELISA
enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
87
ELISA uses
detect antigen or antibody
88
2 types of ELISA
- sandwich
| - indirect
89
use of an indirect ELISA
detection of antibody
90
use of sandwich ELISA
detect antigen
91
how indirect ELISA works
- antigen glued to bottom
- serum put across and antibodies attach
- HRP detection antibodies put across and attach to antibody
- substrate put across and changes colour if HRP detection antibody is there
92
how sandwich ELISA works
- antibody glued to bottom
- serum containing antigen put across and antigen attaches
- HRP detection antibodies put across and attach to antigen
substrate changes colour in presence of HRP detection enzyme
93
immunoflourescence assay how work
IFA
| - detection antibody labelled with a flourescent marker
94
virus neutralisation assay how work
- VN
- cultured cells are mixed with the serum and virus
- you then look down microscope to see how many cells are infected or if antibody present and done its job
- can titre to see when serum stops working
95
VN assay pros
it indicates biologically active antibodies
96
evaluation of CD4+ Tcell response how to
measure cytokine release after stimulation with specific antigen
97
immunoflourescence is done on (2)
- smears
| - tissue sections
98
define immunophenotyping
antibodies against specific cell markers are used to identify cell types that are present
99
2 tests to determine prescence of nucleic acid
- PCR
| - quantitative PCR
