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Y4 Equine - Reproduction > Diagnostic methods and cycle manipulation in the mare > Flashcards

Diagnostic methods and cycle manipulation in the mare Flashcards

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1
Q

Common diagnostic approach

A
  • history
  • previous fertility
  • consider venereal pathogens
  • general clinical exam
  • uterine palpation & US
  • ovarian palpation & US
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2
Q

Specific details relating to history

A
  • current presentation
  • age
  • previous breeding history
  • if barren
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3
Q

Questions to ask if barren

A
  • what was the management last year?
  • who was the vet last year?
  • number of years barren?
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4
Q

What does barren mean in mares?

A
  • didn’t get pregnant in the last breeding season
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4
Q

Specific details of the general physical exam

A
  • BCS
  • general observations
  • feet
  • udder
  • perineum
  • vulva
  • vestibule
  • vagina
  • cervix
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5
Q

Perineum exam

A
  • long axis of the vulva should be vertical
  • vulvar labia should be well apposed
  • no vulval discharge
  • no vulval lesions
  • perineum should be intact
  • anus shouldn’t be recessed
  • normal vestibulo-vaginal seal (need to part vulval lips to establish this)
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6
Q

Bacterial venereal pathogens

A
  • CEMO (Taylorella equigenitalis)
  • Klebsiella pneumoniae
  • Pseudomonas aeruoginosa
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6
Q

What do all of the bacterial venereal pathogens causes in the mare?

A
  • endometritis
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7
Q

Action if CEM is isolated in mares prior to covering

A
  • isolate and treat all infected mares
  • notify owners of mares
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8
Q

Action if CEM is isolated in stallions prior to covering

A
  • isolate and treat
  • notify owners of mares
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9
Q

Action if CEM is isolated in mares and stallions after covering

A
  • cease covering
  • check all mares implicated in the outbreak
  • don’t cover until 3 negative swabs each at least 2d apart
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9
Q

Viral venereal pathogens

A
  • EHV,
  • EVA
  • EIA
  • ECE
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10
Q

EHV

A
  • equine herpes virus
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11
Q

EVA

A
  • equine viral arteritis
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12
Q

ECE

A
  • equine coital exanthema (EHV-3)
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12
Q

EIA

A
  • equine infectious anaemia
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13
Q

Which viral venereal pathogen is notifiable in the UK?

A
  • EVA
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14
Q

Control of EIA

A
  • serologically negative for horses returning to UK
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15
Q

Control of strangles at studs

A
  • quarantine on entry to stud to demonstrate no developing signs
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16
Q

Why are uterine swabs taken?

A
  • for bacterial venereal pathogen screening
  • in cases of endometritis
  • usually done in high risk mares
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16
Q

Why are uterine swabs taken in cases of endometritis?

A
  • for endometrial cytology as part of endometritis detection
  • for endometrial bacteriology in cases of endometritis to ensure appropriate antimicrobial selection
  • for the detection of other pathogens (yeast/fungi need specific culture medium)
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17
Q

Taking uterine swabs

A
  • strict asepsis required
  • always ensure the mare isn’t pregnant before breaching the cervix
  • guarded swąb technique
  • single swab rolled onto sterile/clean microscope for staining for cytology before placing into charcoal-based (Amies) transport medium to send for culture
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17
Q

When are uterine swabs taken?

A
  • often during oestrus
  • but collection in the luteal phase would be more appropriate
  • GE prefers to swab during diestrus as identification of any bacteria (as long as technique is sterile) is always significant
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18
Q

Vaginal exam

A
  • digital, speculum or endoscopic: examination of the vagina and cervix
  • confirmation of normality and estimation of stage of the cycle
  • evidence of gross pathology
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19
Examples of gross pathology that could be found on vaginal exam
- presence of persistent hymen - evidence of disease such as vaginitis or cervicitis - evidence of trauma including scaring or deformation of the cervix - pooling of urine or pus in the vagina
19
Rectal exam
- for examination of the cervix, uterus and ovaries - confirmation of normality - confirmation of cyclicality and stage of cycle - confirmation of non-pregnancy - evidence of gross pathology
19
What does a broad/soft cervix on palpation indicate?
- large/soft uterus - oestrus - transitional phase
19
What does a hard/narrow cervix on palpation indicate?
- tonic/small uterus - luteal phase (diestrus) - prolonged diestrus
20
Examples of gross pathology that could be detected by rectal exam
- absence of, or large uterus - inactive ovaries - large ovaries
21
Uterine US
- confirmation of normality - confirmation of cyclicity and stage of cycle - confirmation of non-pregnancy - evidence of gross pathology
22
US appearance of uterus during oestrus
- wheel/dart-board appearance = normal uterine oedema
23
US appearance of pyometra
flocculent fluid - lots of cellular debris
24
Ovarian US - use
- confirmation of normality - confirmation of cyclicity and stage of cycle - evidence of gross pathology
24
Appearance of follicles on US
- anechoic, as fluid-filled
25
Appearance of CHs on US
- generally bright white, but may be cavitated - similar in size to the follicle it replaces
25
Appearance of CLs on US
- echogenic
25
What is a CH?
- corpus haemorrhagicum - the early luteal structure is very hemorrhagic -> blood clot filled follicular cavity
26
What is long-term fluid accumulation in the uterus associated with?
- chronic endometritis - poor prognosis for getting pregnant - poor prognosis for taking a foal to term
27
Additional tests as BSE for mares
- endometrial cytology - endometrial microbiology - endometrial biopsy - uterine endoscopy - karyotype
28
Pus in the uterus is always associated with
- endometritis
28
What are you looking for in cytology of uterine swabs?
- the presence of neutrophils
29
What must you give after swabbing the endometrium/uterus?
- PG to ensure the mare returns to oestrus
30
Common stain used for endometrial cytology
- Diff Quik
31
What amount of neutrophil is classified as abnormal on endometrial cytology?
more than 5 neutrophils per MPF
32
Most common pathogen found on endometrial bacteriology that is associated with endometritis and pyometra?
- Streptococcus zooepidemicus
32
What can you do with endometrial bacteriology?
- aerobic culture - microaerophilic culture - grow anaerobic pathogens - grow yeast/fungi
32
Indications for endometrial biopsy
- barren mares - repeat brooder mares - mares with early embryonic death or abortion - anoestrus mares (during breeding season) - mares requiring surgery of the genital tract - pyometra or mucometra - fertility evaluation (pre-purchase)
33
Endometrial biopsy technique
- restrain mare, bandage tail, strict asepsis - manually dilate cervix then pass sterile basket-jawed forceps into uterine lumen - position forceps so that cutting jaw faces dorsally: open the jaws, push onto endometrium, close jaws and give a 'tug' (may need to be forceful) - sample put into adequate volume of Bouin's fluid
33
Pathological findings of acute inflammation found on endometrial biopsy
- neutrophil and occasionally eosinophil infiltration
34
Pathological findings of chronic infiltrative inflammation found on endometrial biopsy
- repeated bouts of acute inflammation - mononuclear cells
34
Pathological findings of chronic degenerative change found on endometrial biopsy
- layers of fibrous tissue around dilated glands - may also get dilated lymphatics (ageing)
34
Endometrial biopsy category IIB
- moderate endometrial changes - inflammatory changes severe enough to decrease fertility and may be accompanied by fibrosis
34
General abnormal findings on endometrial biopsy
- loss of integrity of the endometrium - cellular infiltration - fibrosis - normality/presence/absence of glands
35
Endometrial biopsy category I
- no pathological changes and mare should have normal fertility - estimated foaling rate - 80-90%
36
Endometrial biopsy category IIA
- mild endometrial changes - 50-70% of these mares will foal
37
Endometrial biopsy category III
- severe endometrial changes - uterus may be incapable of supporting foetal development (as unlikely to be able to form a normal placenta) - estimated foaling rate <10%
38
Uterine endoscopy - technique/use
- 1st ensure the mare isn't pregnant - following strict asepsis placement of flexible endoscope into vagina and through the cervix - direct visualisation and detection of congenital or acquired abnormalities - cutting or diathermy may be useful for management of some clinical conditions
39
Why do uterine adhesions cause problems?
- they prevent the uterus from dilating in that area
40
Why do uterine cysts cause problems?
- they obstruct the uterus - the conceptus may not be able to move around the uterus - so can get failure of maternal recognition as the conceptus isn't able to move and so can't produce it's signal to the dam
41
Normal karyotype
- 64XX
41
When is karyotying most likely to be used?
- following clinical suspicion of a problem (e.g. clitoral enlargement, infantile vulva and vagina, small uterus, small inactive ovaries) - in a mare that should have reached puberty and isn't in the winter anoestrus period
42
Normal reproduction/reproductive cycle in the mare
- seasonally polyoestrus - normal breeding May-October - early spring: transitional period with follicles that don't ovulate (ovaries can be very large - 2 large ovaries) - late autumn: cyclicality ends with silent or anovulatory heat (some ponies cycle throughout winter)
42
Turner's syndrome
- 63XO - normal but small tubulogenital tract - ovaires very small and inactive - may show irregular non-cyclical oestrus behaviour
43
If you want to foals born in January when do you need to breed mares (and what is the problem with this)?
- ~valentines day - problem as coincides with when they're not ovulating (the transitional phase)
44
Signs of transitional period
- mare has follicles that grow and regress (either not enough LH or LH-receptors) but don't ovulate - ovaries may be large, follicles may be detected - oestrus behaviour is usually present - mare may stand to be bred - but she doesn't ovulate and oestrus behaviour may be present weeks later
45
45
How to predict when ovulation is going to occur
- signs of oestrus - US: -> follicle size, follicle softening, follicle wall thickening, follicle haemorrhage, follicle pointing, reduction in uterine oedema
46
Optimum time for mating
- mare ovulate a secondary oocyte which is immediately fertilisable but remains viable for only 12h after ovulation - optimum mating in normal mares is 24-48h before ovulation
47
Manipulation of cyclical activity in the mare
- seasonal breeding and transitional phase (light, progesterone [given for period then withdrawn] +/- short acting GnRH to stimulate ovulation) - hastening ovulation in mares that are in oestrus (short-acting GnRH or hCG [which is LH-like]) - inducing return to oestrus in the breeding cycling (prostaglandin [after d5])

Y4 Equine - Reproduction (18 decks)

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