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You're Passing the Exam Sis... This Isn't an Option > Diagnostic Tests > Flashcards

Diagnostic Tests Flashcards

(79 cards)

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1
Q

Testing for autoimmune condition (4)

A

Increased
Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) - sign of inflammation
C-Reactive Protein (CRP) - sign of inflammation
Positive rheumatoid factor (RF) antibodies - sign of autoimmune
Positive anti-nuclear antibody (ANA) - sign of autoimmune

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2
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis

A

all 4 standard autoimmune tests + positive anti-citrullinated peptide antibody (ACPA)

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3
Q

Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE)

A

all 4 standard autoimmune tests + positive anti-dsDNA antibodies

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4
Q

Multiple Sclerosis

A

MRI

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5
Q

anemia

A

Low Hgb, RBC, Hct
If microlytic (iron deficiency related), decreased MCV < 80 because RBCs are smaller

if macrolytic (B12 or folate deficiency) increased MCV >100 because RBCs are bigger via schilling test

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6
Q

Venous Thromboembolism (VTE)

A

D-dimer test (marker of fibrinolysis) , positive is sign of blood clot

DVT: ultrasound (US) , venography, or MRI
PE: pulmonary computed tomographic anigiography (CTA)

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7
Q

Stroke prevention

A

CHA2DS2-VASc

CHF
HTN
Age > 65 =1 pt, >75 = 2 pt
DM
Stroke/Transischemic Attack = 2 pt
VA = vascular disease or previous MI
Sc = sex category

Patients with 2 or more points are to be treated with full anticoagulation and anyone with 1 can be on ASA

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8
Q

Heparin induced thrombocytopenia

A

Unexplained drop in platelets >50% from baseline 5-14 days after starting heparin

positive antibodies revealed on a heparin platelet factor 4 (PF4) ELISA and/or serotonin release assay

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9
Q

ACS

A

ECG or EKG (electrocardiogram) (to understand the rhythm and function of the heart)

Cardiac enzymes like creatine kinase muscle/brain (CK-MB), troponin I, T

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10
Q

ECG /EKG vs Echo

A

ECG/EKG are both aka electrocardiograms where a provider will be able to hear the hearts rhythm and function “hear the heart”. Echocardiogram aka Echo is just a heart ultrasound to be able to see the heart.

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11
Q

Arrythmias

A

ECG/EKG, Holter monitor (portable device), HR

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12
Q

Cerebrovascular accident (CVA or stroke)

A

Computed tomography (CT), MRI

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13
Q

Chronic Heart Failure

A

ECHO, increased B type Natriuretic peptide (BNP), increased N-terminal pro BNP (NT-proBNP)

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14
Q

Stable Ischemic Heart Disease (SIHD)/Chronic Stable Angina)

A

Cardiac stress test, angiography

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15
Q

Dyslipidemia

A

Increased TC, non-HDL, TGs, coronary artery calcium (CAC- non invasive scan of heart measuring calcium containing plaque)

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16
Q

HTN

A

increased systolic and diastolic BP

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17
Q

Hypertensive emergency

A

> /= 180/120mmHg with sign of acute target organ damage
(chest discomfort (myocardial ischemia or MI), back pain (aortic dissection), altered level of consciousness, headache, visual disturbances (hypertensive encephalopathy), or shortness of breath)

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18
Q

Hypertensive urgency

A

> /=180/120 WITHOUT sign of acute target organ damage

(chest discomfort (myocardial ischemia or MI), back pain (aortic dissection), altered level of consciousness, headache, visual disturbances (hypertensive encephalopathy), or shortness of breath)

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19
Q

10 year risk for atherosclerotic CVD

A

Use the calculator if they haven’t had any ASCVD history in the past. ACS/IHD, stroke, PAD.

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20
Q

Diabetes/prediabetes

A

FBG, OGTT, A1c

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21
Q

Hyperthyroidism

A

decreased TSH, increased free T4 (FT4)

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22
Q

Hypothyroidism

A

increased TSH, decreased free T4 (FT4)

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23
Q

Ovulation

A

LH - when it’s at its peak. This is the optimal time for intercourse to become pregnant

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24
Q

Pregnancy

A

Positive human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) in urine (at home test) or blood

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25
Bacterial vaginitis
Clear white or gray vaginal discharge with a fishy odor and pH > 4.5 little or no pain.
26
Candida vaginitis
White, thicker vaginal discharge, pruritis (itchy itchy)
27
Trichomoniasis
Yellow, green, frothy, foul smelling vaginal discharge =, pH > 4.5, soreness and pain with sex
28
Peptic Ulcer Disease
Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (mouth to small intestine Duodenal ulcer - pain whenever food is not in stomach and 2-3 hrs after eating. pain relief with food and antacids Gastric ulcer - pain whenever food is in the stomach, little to no pain relief with food and antacids
29
GERD
Esophogeal pH monitoring , endoscopy
30
H. Pylori
Urea breath test (UBT), fecal antigen test
31
Inflammatory bowel disease (Ulcerative colitis, crohn's disease)
Endoscopy (for crohn's disease, which affects any part of the GI tract) Sigmoidoscopy (for ulcerative colitis, which affects the colon (large intestine) and rectum)
32
Bronchospastic diseases
Spirometry, measures FEV1, FVC, FEV1/FVC FEV1 - how much air can be forcefully exhaled in one second FVC - max amount of air that can be forcefully exhaled FEV1/FVC - percentage of total air capacity ("vital capacity") that can be forcefully exhaled in one second
33
Asthma
FVC, FEV1 and peak expiratory flow rate Allergy testing: a skin test to detect allergen
34
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
Post bronchodilator FEV1/FVC < 0.7 (less than 70%) eosinophils >/300 cells/microL indicated inflammation and the patient will have a better response to inhaled corticosteroids.
35
Metabolic acidosis
Arterial blood gas measurements pH low, HCO3- low - body compensates through respiratory alkalosis
36
Respiratory acidosis
Arterial blood gas measurements pH low, high pCO2 - body compensates through metabolic alkalosis
37
Metabolic alkalosis
arterial blood gas pH high, high HCO3-, compensation is respiratory acidosis
38
Respiratory alkalsosis
arterial blood gas pH high , low pCO2, compensation is metabolic acidosis
39
Anion gap metabolic acidosis
check the anion gap . if > 12 mEq, that means its anion gap AG = Na+ - Cl - HCO3
40
Infection
temp >/= 100.4 or 38 C, increased WBC left shift = increased bands aka immature neutrophils always = inflammation or infection
41
C difficile
Positive C diff. test from stool toxin or PCR
42
HIV
HIV antigen/antibody immunoassay, HIV - 1/ HIV - 2 antibody differentiation immunoassay, HIV RNA viral load, nucleic acid test
43
Infective endocarditis
Echo (to check for vegetation), blood culture to ID the organism
44
lyme disease
round red bullseye rash, enzyme linked immunosorbent assay ELISA test
45
meningitis
Lumbar puncture (LP) plus symptoms of severe headache, stiff neck, and altered mental status.
46
Onychomycosis (fungal infection of toenail or fingernail)
20% KOH smear
47
Lice (pediculosis)
Pruritis, visible lice on the scalp and nits (eggs) on hair shafts
48
Pinworm (vermicularis)
Tape test - on the skin adjacent to anus to check the presence of the eggs , helminths worms in blood, feces or urine
49
Pneumonia
Chest xray showing infiltrates, consolidates, opacities
50
Syphilis
Positive nontreponomal assay (rapid plasma reagin - RPR) or venereal diseases research laboratory (VDRL) blood test, and treponemal assay
51
Toxoplasma gondii encephalitis
Toxoplasma IgG test
52
Tuberculosis
Latent TB: positive tuberculin skin test (TST) aka Purified protein derivative (PPD) or interferon gamma release assay (IGRA) blood test Active TB : positive sputum acid fast bacilli (AFB) stain and culture , chest X ray with cavitation
53
urinary tract infection
urinalysis (showing positive leukocyte esterase (meaning that there are wbc's present in the urine) or WBC > 10 cells/mm3, nitrites, bacteria), urine cultures
54
Breast cancer
mammogram
55
cervical cancer
pap smear, HPV test
56
Colon cancer
Colonoscopy, sigmoidoscopy, double contrast barium enema, CT colonography, stool DNA, fecal occult blood test (FOBT), fecal immunochemical test
57
Lung cancer
CT chest
58
Skin cancer
skin biopsy
59
prostate cancer
Digital rectam exam (DRE), prostate specific antigen (PSA)
60
General
Carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) test - a marker to identify cancer Positron emission tomography (PET)
61
Allergic reactions
skin prick (scratch) test immunoglobulin (IgE) blood test
62
Bleeding conditions
decreased Hgb/hct, coffee ground emesis, dark/tarry stools (upper GI bleeding), red blood in stool (lower GI bleeding or hemorrhoid)
63
Cholestasis (bile duct blockage)
increased alkaline phosphatase (Alk Phos), increased total bilirubin (Tbili), increased gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)
64
Cognitive impairment
mini-mental state exam (MMSE), score of <24 means impairment
65
Cystic Fibrosis
Sweat test (checking for chloride) if the test is positive, it means that the child has high chloride levels in their body because they don't have the channels to move chloride in or out of the body's cells, so they build up. When chloride (a apart of salt) cannot move properly in and out of cells, this means water can't either and it can't hydrate cells surfaces, so the patient ends up having thick and sticky mucus
66
Glaucoma
increased intraocular pressure (IOP), visual field test (to identify the optic nerve damage)
67
Gout
increased uric acid (UA) level
68
Liver disease
Liver function tests (LFTs) increased ALT/AST, alkPhos, Tbilli, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) - For cirrhosis: increased INR/PT, and decreased albumi - For Alcoholic liver disease: increased AST > increased ALT, increased GGT - For hepatic encephalopathy: increased ammonia level in blood
69
Movement disorders
ex: parkinsons abnormal involuntary movement scale (AIMS), rating scale used to measure involuntary movements or tardive dyskanesias as monitoring for patient improvement
70
Myopathy
creatinine kinase or creatine phosphokinase (CPK)
71
Neuropathy, Peripheral
Assess sensation with a 10g monofilament pinprick, temperature and vibration tests
72
Osteoarthritis
Xray, MRI
73
Osteoporosis
Bone mineral density (BMD) using dual energy. x ray absorptiometry (DEXA or DXA) if T score
74
Pain
Pain scales, non-verbal signs of discomfort
75
Pancreatitis
increased amylase/lipase
76
psychiatric disease
DSM5 criteria depression: HAM-D or HDRS assessment scale
77
Renal disease
increased BUN/SCr, creatinine clearance (CrCl), glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), urine albumin Dehydration: BUN/SCr ratio >20:1 with symptoms like decreased urine output and dry mucous membranes and tachycardia
78
Seizures/epilepsy
electroencephalogam (EEG)
79
Weight
BMI + waist circumference, IBW, TBW

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