Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Patient Care > Diagnostic Tests > Flashcards

Diagnostic Tests Flashcards

1
Q

Papanicolauo (pap) test

Reasons why this test might be ordered

A
  1. To test for precancerous cells, as well as changes in cervical cells that may lead to cervical cancer in the future
  2. To test the presence of cervical cancer
  3. To test for HPV which is an STI that can lead to cervical cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Papanicolauo (pap) test

Normal values

A

Normal/ negative: no changes were found in cervical cells

Unclear/equivocal/inconclusive: cells look like they could be abnormal, but it was not clear

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Papanicolauo (pap) test

Procedure

A

Patient prep: legs spread, feet in holders

Procedure: 
Insert the speculum
Warm speculum and insert
Doctor retrieved a small brush and rub it on cervix
Transfer brush to a bag
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Papanicolauo (pap) test

Related information

A

Recommended age 21-65 years old every 3 years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Barium swallow test

Reasons why this test might be ordered

A
  1. To test for cancer of head and neck, esophagus
  2. To test for hiatal hernia, which is a bulge in the stomach that develops due to weakened muscle tissue
  3. Abnormalities in the upper GI tract (polyps, narrowing, pouches)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Barium swallow test

Normal values

A

: no abnormalities were found in the digestive system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Barium swallow test

Procedure

A

Patient prep:
eat a low fibre diet 2-3 days before exam, night before no eating or smoking

Procedure:
Drink a Chalky white barium mixture-slightly radioactive
After ingestion fluoroscopy are taken
Patient will lie down or stand

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Barium swallow test

Related information

A

Side effects:
Nausea, constipation, white stool
Can’t do this test if pregnant or have glaucoma
I’d have diabetes may skip first dose

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Colonoscopy

Reasons why this test might be ordered

A
  1. To test for colon cancer
  2. To examine the colon in order to find causes to symptoms a patient might be experiencing (rectal bleeding, constipation, diarrhea)
  3. Examine colon for polyps, these are small clusters of cells that form in the lining of the colon
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Colonoscopy

Normal results

A

No abnormalities were found in the colon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Colonoscopy

Procedure

A 
Patient prep:
Low fibre diet for 2-3 days
Day before can only drink clear fluids 
May be prescribed laxatives to drink the night before
May be given a sedation or pain meds 
Knees drawn towards chest

Procedure:
Insert the colonscope into the rectum
Will inspect the colon for abnormal bleeding, tumours or polyps - polyps will be removed during this procedure. Biopsies will be taken as well.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Colonoscopy

Related information

A

Risks:
Bad reaction to meds
Bleeding from biopsy site, or polyp removal site
Perforation of the colon or rectum due to mishandling

Recommended to get done 10 years
If negative result every 5 years of family history

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Mammography

Reasons why this test might be ordered

A
  1. Screening- to look for cancer in patients who don’t have symptoms of breast cancer. Monitors changes over time
  2. Diagnostic- if patient finds a lump a dr would order this test
  3. The evaluate breast pain when physical examination and history are not conclusive
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Mammography

Normal value

A

Density of breasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Mammography

Procedure

A

Remove jewelry
Stand in front of machine and place breast on X-ray plate
A separate plate will come on top
Patient will hold breath

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Mammography

Related information

A 
Interfering factors:
Breast implants
Previous breast surgery
Wearing deodorant 
Pregnancy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Lumbar puncture (spinal tap)

Reasons why this test might be ordered

A
  1. Collect CSF for lab analysis can help diagnose cancers involving brain for spinal cord
  2. Measure pressure of CSF in the space around the spinal cord and remove CSF if necessary to decrease pressure in that space
  3. Inject spinal anaesthetics, chemotherapy, drugs or meds. Can also inject dye or radioactive substance into CSF to make diagnostic images of the fluids flow
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Lumbar puncture (spinal tap)

Normal values

A

Appearance is normally clear and colourless

Decreased white blood cells is normal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Lumbar puncture (spinal tap)

Procedure

A

Sit and lean forward or lie on side with knees to chest

Local anesthetic is injected into patients lower back

Thin hollow needle is inserted between 2 lumbar vertebrae into the spinal cord

CSF pressure is measured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Lumbar puncture (spinal tap)

Related information

A

Risk:
Bleeding at puncture site, back pain, post-lumbar puncture headaches
Brain stem herniation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Bone marrow Aspiration

Reasons why this test might be ordered

A
  1. Diagnose blood or bone marrow cancers such as luekemia or multiple myeloma
  2. Collect a sample of bone marrow for medical procedures such as cell transplant
  3. Check response to treatment for bone marrow condition or cancer
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Bone marrow Aspiration

Normal value

A

Normal bone marrow contains 0-5% blasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Bone marrow Aspiration

Procedure

A

Numbing cream to iliac crest

Patient is prone or side lying

Sedative is given

Doctor makes a small incision, then insert a hallow needle through the bone into the bone marrow. A syringe is attached to the needle and bone marrow is extracted

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Bone marrow Aspiration

Related information

A

Sharp pain or stinging

Complications are rare but include bleeding or long lasting discomfort at site of incision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
CT-thorax Reasons why this test might be ordered
1. Detection and diagnosis- lung tumour/ shape size and location 2. Metastasis- used to see if cancer has spread to the chest from distant sites 3. Helps diagnosis other chest abnormalities
26
CT-thorax Procedure
Iv contrast may be required Camera moves around patient 3D image
27
CT-thorax Related information
Low levels of ionizing radiation
28
MRI brain Reasons why this test might be ordered
1. Detection and diagnosis- brain tumours 2. Signs/symptoms-chronic headaches 3. Helps with diagnosis of a variety of brain conditions
29
MRI brain Procedure
Like CT | Takes 30-45 minutes
30
MRI brain Related information
Painless noninvasive | No risk
31
Ultrasound of breast Reasons why this test might be ordered
1. Screening tool 2. Additional diagnostic evaluation 3. Signs/symptoms- clear or bloody nipple discharge
32
Ultrasound (breast) Procedure
Avoid applying powders and lotion Gel is applied to breast Images captured
33
Colposcopy Reasons why this test might be ordered
1. Patient experience bleeding after intercourse 2. Follow up procedure to abnormal Pap test 3. Help diagnose cervical cancer (and genital warts)
34
Colposcopy Normal value
No inflammation of cervix, vagina, no visible warts No abnormal cells found
35
Colposcopy Procedure
Legs apart Speculum is used Vagina/cervix swabbed with iodine to highlight any abnormal areas and clear away mucous Colposcope inserted and images take as needed
36
Colposcopy Related information
10-20 minute procedure | Light bleeding and dark discharge
37
Bronchoscopy Reasons why this test might be ordered
1. Cough blood, or chronic coughing 2. Diagnose lung infection, disease, cancer 3. Allows to take biopsies for further testing- spread to lymph nodes
38
Bronchoscopy Normal value
No trouble breathing, coughing | Clean airways, no blockage, cysts, or pus
39
Bronchoscopy Procedure
``` Flexible or rigid bronchoscope Rigid- general anesthesia used Flexible- local anesthetic used, numbs - inserted through nose or mouth down trachea till bronchi - examine trachea, bronchi, lung - biopsy taken and sent to lab ```
40
Bronchoscopy Related information
Can’t eat or drink after procedure Side effects: Bleeding, infection, trouble breathing, heart attack collapse lung
41
Fecal occult blood test (FOBT) Reasons why this test be ordered
1. Early screening test for colorectal cancer 2. Help diagnose other conditions- ulcers hemorrhoids, polyps 3. Symptoms: pain and difficultly passing feces blood in stool
42
Fecal occult blood test (FOBT) Normal value
No blood in stool | No pain passing feces and regular bowel movements
43
Fecal occult blood test (FOBT) Procedure
Common test: gFOBT (guiac smear test) Use of a kit: Collect sample from 3 separate bowel movements Use provided applicator to smear stool sample Date and seal Mail to lab
44
Fecal occult blood test (FOBT) Related information
``` 7 days prior to testing: Don’t take non-steroidal, anti inflammatory dugs (NSAIDS) like ibuprofen No vitamin C 3 days prior: No red meat ``` All equals false results
45
Bone scintigraphy (bone scan) Reasons why this test might be ordered
1. Used to find bone metastasis and cancer that originated from bone 2. Can be used to detect osteomyelitis 3. Can be used to diagnose broken bones not visible on X-ray eg small stress fractures
46
Bone scintigraphy (bone scan) Normal value
Abnormalities appear different than normal bone depending if they absorbed more or less of the radiotracer
47
Bone scintigraphy (bone scan) Procedure
Radiotracer is given to patient through an injection in their arm, takes 4 hours to settle in bones Radiotracer produces gamma radiation which is turned into a image via a gamma camera and SPECT
48
Bone scintigraphy (bone scan) Related information
Patient should not take any medication that contains barium or bismuth before getting a bone scan they can affect the results. May cause allergic reaction
49
Cystoscopy Reasons why this test might be ordered
1. Can be used to diagnose an enlarged prostate where the cytoscope passes prostate gland 2. Patient is presenting symptoms: blood in urine, painful urination 3. Diagnostic tool for bladder cancer, blockage, cytitis, and bladder stones
50
Cystoscopy Procedure
Patient takes a course of antibiotics before procedure Local anesthesia is used on urethra and given a general anesthetic Bladder is filled with sterile solution to inflate it A camera is inserted Examines the lining of bladder
51
Cystoscopy Related information
Risk of infection Can cause blood in urine Painful urination after procedure Drink lots of water afterwards 500ml every 2 hrs
52
Digital rectum exam DRE reasons why this test might be ordered
1. Diagnostic test for prostate cancer 2. Blood in stool, suspect change in bowel habits or rectal bleeding 3. Also used to check uterus and ovaries as part of a pelvic exam
53
Digital rectum exam DRE Normal value
If prostate not enlarged | No growths or tumours present in rectum
54
Digital rectum exam DRE Procedure
Patient will lie on side in fetal position or bend forward Dr will insert digit into rectum and will feel for bumps, hardening or abnormalities of the prostate
55
Digital rectum exam DRE Related information
Urge to urinate whole procedure is done
56
Multi gated acquisition cardiac scan (MUGA) Reasons why this test might be ordered
1. Some types of chemo may damage heart 2. May cause congestive heart failure (CHF) 3. Long term effects due to radiation therapy to the chest
57
Multi gated acquisition cardiac scan (MUGA) Normal values
A result of 50% or higher is considered normal
58
Multi gated acquisition cardiac scan (MUGA) Procedure
Attach electrodes to patients chest monitor heart rate on EKG IV is inserted into arm Patient is laying on table with a radioactive tracer is injected Gamma camera is placed above heart to analyze the radioactive red blood cells being pumped through the heart Images are taken and used to calculate your ejection fraction
59
Multi gated acquisition cardiac scan (MUGA) Related information
Possible allergies Very small dose
60
Positron emission tomography Reasons why this test might be ordered
1. Help diagnose certain cancers 2. See if the cancer has spread throughout the body 3. Measure vital functions (blood flow and sugar, oxygen use)
61
Positron emission tomography Normal values
Less hot spots, malignant cells use sugar as energy source
62
Positron emission tomography Procedure
No food or drink 4-6 hours prior Avoid tobacco alcohol caffeine and exercise for 24 hours Inject radioactive material into vein, requires about 1 hour to travel through body and get absorbed by cells Sit or lie down Exam table moves through scanner Scanner detects radioactive material and creates 3D images
63
Positron emission tomography Related information
Allergic reaction may occur | May expose fetus of pregnant women to radiation
64
Laryngoscopy Reasons why this test might be ordered
1. Used to obtain biopsy samples of vocal cords/ areas of throat 2. Treat problems early cancers with small laser 3. Throat/voice problems
65
Laryngoscopy Normal value
No evidence of growths No signs of inflammation or larynx Looks normal
66
Laryngoscopy Procedure
Indirect: Local anesthetic sprayed onto throat to numb and prevent gagging, dr wears head mirror with a light Direct: anesthetic spray inserts a thin and flexible scope into your nose and moves it down your throat Direct rigid: general anesthetic and used to do I biopsy, remove polyps or laser treatment. Once unconscious, doctor inserts a rigid laryngoscope down throat to remove tissue
67
Laryngoscopy Related information
``` Bleeding in the throat Hoarseness Infection Reactions to anesthesia Swelling ```

Patient Care (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions