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GI (EQ) > Diarrhoea > Flashcards

Diarrhoea Flashcards

1
Q

Acute diarrhoea in adult horses is always due to inflammation of which part of the GI tract?

A

Colon +/- caecum
(Colitis, typhlocolitis)
Disease of SI only does NOT cause diarrhoea

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2
Q

In foals, diarrhoea can be due to inflammation of which parts of the GI tract

A

Colon, small intestine or caecum

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3
Q

Give 2 examples of diarrhoea causes in a foals

A

Rotavirus

Lawsonia intracellularis

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4
Q

What is the most likely cause of a foal 5-14 days of age experiencing diarrhoea? The horse is systemically well.

A

Foal heat diarrhoea

Dam’s first ovulation causes hormonal changes in milk

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5
Q

What is the most likely differential of a one month old foal with diarrhoea? How does this cause diarrhoea?

A

Rotavirus

Blunts villi

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6
Q

Acute diarrhoea (colitis) in adult horses is often complicated by which condition?

A

Endotoxaemia/SIRS

Systemic inflammatory response syndrome

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7
Q

What are the most common causes of acute colitis in adult horses?

A 
Idiopathic
Salmonella
Clostridia
Drug induced (antibiotics, NSAIDs)
Larval cyathostomes
Carbohydrate overloads
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8
Q

Why do antibiotics predispose horses to acute colitis?

A

Alters GI flora

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9
Q

How does SIRS lead to laminitis?

A

Damages extracellular matrix of hoof laminae

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10
Q

What is the most common serotype of Salmonella in horses?

A

Salmonella typhimurium

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11
Q

Give examples of the source of Salmonella infection

A

Asymptomatic shedders
Diseased horses (outbreaks)
Environmental factors/stress - surgery, immunosuppression, antibiotics

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12
Q

Salmonella can cause severe disease and even septicaemia. How are neutrophils and sodium levels affected?

A

Neutropenia
Hyponatraemia
Dehydration

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13
Q

How is Salmonella diagnosed or ruled out?

A

Faecal cultures

5+ cultures needed to rule out Salmonella

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14
Q

Any antibiotic can cause antibotic-induced diarrhoea. How?

A

Alters GI flora

Allows overgrowth of pathogens causing dysbiosis in colon

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15
Q

How can antibiotic-induced diarrhoea be treated?

A

Stop antibiotics
Supportive care
Facal transfaunation (transferring micro-organisms to sick animal)

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16
Q

If a horse is hypoalbuminaemic, what type of fluids should be given?

A

Plasma (expensive)

Colloids (do not replace proteins themselves, but improve oncotic pressure)

17
Q

If a horse has moderate-severe hypovolaemia, what type of fluids should be given?

A

Hypertonic saline

18
Q

What is the fluid maintenance rate for adult horses and foals?

A 
Adults = 2ml/kg/hr
Foals = 4ml/kg/hr
19
Q

If clostridial diarrhoea/colitis is suspected in an adult horse, what antibiotic should be given?

A

Metronidazole

20
Q

What is bismuth subsalicyte?

A

Oral protectant - antacid

21
Q

How can SIRS be treated?

A

Flunixin meglumine (anti-endotoxic)
Polymixin
Ice feet to prevent laminitis

22
Q

What % of their BW do foals drink per day?

A

20%

Dehydrate very quickly if not suckling

23
Q

What haematological change is the biggest risk factor for ventral oedema?

A

Hypoproteinaemia

24
Q

2 out of the 3 criteria are required to isolate a horse. What are the 3 criteria?

A

Pyrexia (>38.3)
Leukopenia
Diarrhoea

25
Q

What is misoprostal?

A

A prostaglandin anologue - used to protect against ulcers

26
Q

Sucralfate is useful for preventing what type of ulcers in foals?

A

Duodenal ulcers

27
Q

What is the major side effect of gentamicin?

A

Nephrotoxicity

28
Q

NSAIDs pose risk to what kind of colitis?

A

Right dorsal colitis

29
Q

Why are cephalosporins rarely used in horses?

A

Protected by WHO as resistance in humans

30
Q

Which is better for sedation - ACP or detomidine?

A

Detomidine

31
Q

Can ACP be used in stallions?

A

Yes - less change of paraphimosis if not around mares

32
Q

You have a pyrexic horse with an ataxic gait. What do you suspect as a differential diagnosis?

A

EHV

GI (EQ) (5 decks)

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