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PHARMACY PRACTICE II > DIARRHOEA IN CHILDREN > Flashcards

DIARRHOEA IN CHILDREN Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q

What is diarrhea

A

3 or more loose or watery stools within 24 hours

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2
Q

Important considerations in diarrhea

A

Usual habit
Increased stool fluidity and frequency

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3
Q

Reasons for increased stool fluidity and frequency in diarrhea

A

Increased gut motility
Increased gut secretion
Decreased gut absorption

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4
Q

Types of diarrhea

A

Acute watery diarrhea
Dysentery
Persistent diarrhea
Severe persistent diarrhea
Chronic diarrhea

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5
Q

Duration for persistent diarrhea

A

> 14 days

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6
Q

Duration for acute watery diarrhea

A

<14 days

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7
Q

Dysentery

A

Bloody diarrhoea

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8
Q

Severe persistent diarrhoea

A

Persistent diarrhoea with signs of dehydration

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9
Q

Features of acute watery diarrhoea

A

No visible blood in stools
+- Vomiting
Lasts<14 days

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10
Q

Three main classes of E. coli

A

Commensal strains
Intestinal pathogenic
Extraintestinal pathogenic

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11
Q

Name the intestinal E. coli strains

A

Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC)
Enteroaggregative or Enteroadherence E. coli (EAEC)
Diffusely adhering E. coli (DAEC)
Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC)
Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC)
Adherence Invasive E. coli (AIEC)
Enteroinvasive E coli (EIEC)

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12
Q

Name the extraintestinal E. coli strains

A

Uropathogenic E. coli (UPEC)
Neonatal meningitis E. coli (NMEC)
Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC)
Sepsis associated E. coli (SEPEC)

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13
Q

Intestinal strains of E. coli that cause diarrhea

A

EPEC
ETEC
EHEC
EIEC
EAEC
DAEC

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14
Q

Disease caused by NMEC

A

Neonatal meningitis

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15
Q

Disease caused by UPEC

A

UTIs and pyelonephritis

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16
Q

AIEC

A

Cron’s disease (persistent intestinal inflammation)

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17
Q

Which E coli strain causes dysentery and watery diarrhoea

A

EIEC

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18
Q

Which e coli strains cause watery diarrhea and vomiting (Acute watery diarrhea)

A

EPEC
ETEC

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19
Q

Which E. coli causes haemorrhagic colitis
which presents as bloody diarrhoea?

A

EHEC

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20
Q

Which E. coli strain causes persistent diarrhea (watery diarrhoea, mucus and vomiting )

A

EAEC

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21
Q

Causative agents of acute watery diarrhoea

A

Rotavirus
Norovirus
ETEC, EPEC
Shigella
C. jejuni
Cryptosporidium
V. cholerae

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22
Q

Features of dysentery

A

Blood in stool
Anorexia
Rapid weight loss
Intestinal mucosal damage

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23
Q

Causative organisms of dysentery

A

SCEES
Shigella
C. jejuni
EIEC
E. histolytica
Salmonella

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23
Q

Causative organims of persistent diarrhoea

Study These Flashcards
A

(CEGS)
Cryptosporidium
EAEC
G. lamblia
Shigella

24
Chronic diarrhoea
Recurrent diarrhea not due to infectious causes but rather metabolic disorders
25
Features of persistent diarrhoea
14days or more Starts as acute diarrhea or dysentery Marked weight loss
26
Mechanism of viral diarrhoea
Replication within epithelia cells Villous destruction Shortening and loss of dissaccharidase enzymes Replacement with immature enzymes Water and electrolyte secretion
27
Mechanisms of bacteria diarrhoea
Mucosal adhesion Toxin secretion Mucosal invasion
28
Mechanism of protozzoal diarrhoea
Mucosal adhesion Mucosal invasion
29
Which part of theGUT does cyptosporidium and G. lamblia adhere to
Ileum
30
Mucosa adhering protozoa
G. lamblia Cryptosporidium
31
Mucosa invading protozoa
E. histolytica
32
E. histolytica invades which part of the gut
Colon Ileum
33
Classification of diarrhoea based on mechanisms
Invasive diarrhoea Secretory diarrhoea Osmotic diarrhoea
34
Invasive diarrhoea causing pathogens
(SCEEVEYS) Shigella C. jejuni EIEC EHEC Virbio parahaemolitica E. histolytica Yersinia enterocolitica Salmonella
34
Secretory diarrhea occurs at which part o the gut
Ileum
34
Invasive diarrhoea occurs in which part of the gut
Distal ileum Colon
34
Pathogens that cause secretory diarrhoea
Due to enterotoxin (SEVECS) Salmonella ETEC V. cholera EPEC Campylobacter Shigella Not due to enterotoxin Rotavirus Norovirus
34
Agents causing both secretory and invasive diarrhoea
Shigella Salmonella Campylobacter
34
Agents causing osmotic diarrhoea
Purgatives Improperly prepared ORS/ Salt sugar solutions Lactose in lactose intolerance Glucose in glucose malabsorption
34
Effects of diarrhoea
Hypovolaemia Multiple organ failure Tissue damage Abnormal physiology Acidosis Hypokalemia
34
Chemical mediators released in hypoperfusional state that cause tissue damage
Complements Lipopolysaccharides Leukotrienes Interleukins TNF Coagulation cascade Leucocytes Endorphin PAF
34
Abnormal physiology encountered in diarrhoea
Plugged capillaries Change in blood viscosity Abnormal starling mechanism Altered interstitium Damaged barrier function Ileus Coagulation cascade
35
Effects of potassium depletion
General muscle weakness Cardiac arrhythmias Paralytic ileus
36
Types of dehydration
Isotonic Hypotonic Hypertonic
37
Normal serum sodium level and osmolarity
130-150mEq/l 275-295mOsmol/l
38
Causes of isotonic dehydration
Diarrhoea Vomiting
39
Causes of hypotonic dehydration
Ingestion of large amounts of water IV hypotonic fluids ( 5% glucose infusions)
40
Effects of hypotonic dehydration
Lethargy Seizures
41
At which degree of dehydration does signs of dehydration occure
Lesser degrees- Hypotonic dehydration Higher degrees- Hypertonic dehydration
42
Causes of hypertonic dehydration
Ingestion of hypertonic saline Insufficient water intake Low sloute drinks
43
How to perform skin pinch
Pinch skin in longitudinal plane between thumb and bent forefinger
43
Classes of skin pinches
Normal- goes back immediately Slowly: fold visible <2sec Very slowly: visible >2s
44
WHO degrees of dehydration
No dehydration (<5% loss) Mild-Moderate dehydration (5-10%loss) Severe dehydration (>10% loss )
45
General condition assessment for dehydration
No dehydration: well alert Mild-moderate: irritable Severe: lethargic/ unconscious
45
Eyes assessment for dehydration
NO dehydration: normal Mild-Moderate: sunken Severe: sunken
46
Thirst evaluation for dehydration
No dehydration: drinks normally Mild-Moderate: drinks eagerly Severe: drinks poorly or unable to drink
47
Diarrhoea immunizations
Rotavirus Norovirus Cholera Measles
48
Prevention of diarrhoea
Hand washing Food hygiene Safe disposal of excreta Good nutrition Immunizaton

PHARMACY PRACTICE II (17 decks)

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