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LCRS - neuro > Diencephalon > Flashcards

Diencephalon Flashcards

1
Q

What are the components of the diencephalon?

A

Thalamus

Subthalamus

Hypothalamus

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2
Q

Label diagram of thalamus and surrounding features.

A
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3
Q

Label horizontal cross sectional diagram of thalamus and surrounding features.

A
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4
Q

What divides the thalamus in two?

A

the 3rd ventricle

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5
Q

Where is the thalamus located in the brain?

A

ventral to the lateral ventricles.

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6
Q

How is the thalamus organised?

A

Organised into nuclei (clusters of neurons with similar functions and connections).

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7
Q

Outline the function of the thalamus?

A

Relay site for numerous inputs/outputs.

Relay centre to cortical sensory areas.

Involved in almost all sesnory systems (except smell)

enhances or inhibits signals (modulatory role).

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8
Q

Diagram outlining somatosensory pathway.

A
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9
Q

What is the relevant thalamic nucleus for the somatosensory pathway?

A

Ventral posterior lateral nucleus.

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10
Q

Where do somatosensory fibres cross the midline?

A

medulla.

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11
Q

What is the role of the intralaminar nuclei?

A

Project to various medial temporal lobe structures (e.g. amygdala, hippocampus and basal ganglia)

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12
Q

What are the roles of the amygdala, hippocampus and basal ganglia

A

Amygdala - processing of emotions, fear and anxiety.

hippocampus - memory

basal ganglia - initiation of movement.

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13
Q

What kind of neurotransmitter do intralaminar nuclei have?

A

glutamate - excitatory.

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14
Q

What problems are associated with loss of intralaminar neurons?

A

Parkinson’s disease, supreanuclear palsy.

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15
Q

Where is the reticular nucleus found?

A

Outer covering of the thalamus.

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16
Q

What neurotransmitter do reticular nuclei use?

A

GABA - inhibitory.

17
Q

How does the reticular nucleus differ from other thalamic nuclei?

A

They don’t connect with distal regions, but with other thalamic nuclei - receive inputs from collaterols of their axons from other thalamic nuclei.

18
Q

What is the role of the reticular nucleus?

A

Modulate thalamic activity (-ve feedback)

19
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

Set of intercolated pathways in the brainstem - send ascending projections to the forebrain (the ascending reticular activating system)

20
Q

What are the roles of the reticular formation?

A

Involved in consciousness, arousal and degree of wakefulness (ARAS)

21
Q

How do the intralaminar and reticular nucleus relate to the reticular formation?

A

They both receive inputs from ARAS.

22
Q

What kind of connections do hypothalami nuclei make?

A

largely ipselateral.

23
Q

Name 4 things the hypothalamus modulates.

A

fighting

fleeing

feeding

fucking

24
Q

How does the hypothalamus regulate autonomic responses?

A

Many direct neuronal connections with the ANS

25
Q

Give 3 things the hypothalamus regulates.

A

The ANS

the endocrine system.

behaviour.

26
Q

Identify the paraventricular nucleus.

A
27
Q

What is the role of the paraventricular nucleus?

A

Send projections to ANS and posterior pituitary gland

28
Q

What are the roles of parvocellular and magnocellular neurones.

A

Parvocellular - influence the ANS, e.g. to the vasculature, heart and kidneys.

Magnocellular - connect to the anterior pituitary - secretion of oxytosin and vasopressin.

29
Q

What are the effects of lesions in the paraventricular nucleus?

A

Loss of inhibitory neurons –> increased feeding and weight gain.

30
Q

Where is the suprachiasmatic nucleus located?

A

Just above the optic chiasm.

31
Q

What is the role of the suprechiasmatic nucleus?

A

Control of sarcadian rhythms - influencing pineal gland’s release of melatonin.

Influence sleep wake cycle.

32
Q

What can SCN lesiosn cause?

A

disrupted sleep cycle.

33
Q
A

LCRS - neuro (16 decks)

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