Dietetics Flashcards
(329 cards)
1
Q
When you check overrun, you are checking:
A
c. The weight of ice cream
2
Q
What is the process by which the water content of a vegetable is replaced by a concentrated salt solution?
A
c. diffusion
3
Q
Which recipe ingredient should be adjusted if a cake has a crunch crust and compact moist texture?
a. milk
b. flour
c. sugar
d. baking powder
A
c. sugar
4
Q
Why do egg whites beat more easily at room temperature?
A
C. The surface tension is lower
5
Q
Which pigment does not change color in an acid or an alkaline solution?
A
C. Carotenoid
6
Q
The end products of cellular oxidation are:
A
A. Water, carbon dioxide, energy
7
Q
Carbohydrates listed in order of decreasing sweetness are:
A. Fructose, glucose, sucrose, sorbitol
B. Sucrose, glucose, fructose, sorbitol
C. Fructose, sucrose, glucose, sorbitol
D. Sorbitol,fructose, sucrose, glucose
A
C. Fructose, sucrose, glucose, sorbitol
8
Q
The flakiness of pie crust depends on:
A
A. Type of fat
9
Q
Why do egg whites beat more easily at room temperature?
A
c. the surface tension is lower
10
Q
The end products of cellular oxidation are:
A
a. water, carbon dioxide, energy
11
Q
Carbohydrates listed in order of decreasing sweetness are:
a. fructose, glucose, sucrose, sorbitol
b. sucrose, glucose, fructose, sorbitol
c. fructose, sucrose, glucose, sorbitol
d. sorbitol, fructose, sucrose, glucose
A
c. fructose, sucrose, glucose, sorbitol
12
Q
The flakiness of pie crust depends on:
a. type of fat
b. oxidation of fat
c. Temperature of the fat
d. oven temperature
A
a. type of fat
13
Q
If the sole source of protein is gelatin, growth is inhibited because:
a. gelatin has no tryptophan and is low in methionine and lysine
b. gelatin has no methionine and is low in tryptophan
d. gelatin has no arginine
A
a. gelatin has no tryptophan and is low in methionine and lysine
14
Q
A #10 can holds how many cups of product?
A
b. 13 cups
15
Q
If you replace half and half with whipping cream in ice cream, the effects on the ice crystals will be:
a. an increase in size because there is less fat
b. a decrease in size because there is more fat
c. no change
d. an increase in size because there is more fat
A
b. a decrease in size because there is more fat
16
Q
Fat produces more calories than carbohydrates because:
A
a. fat has more carbon and hydrogen in relation to oxygen
17
Q
Research has shown that neural tube defects can be reduced with proper supplementation of:
A
b. folic acid
18
Q
The best laboratory value to use in assessing iron status is:
A
c. ferritin
19
Q
Which is the best flour to use when making cakes
A
b. all-purpose flour
20
Q
Where is lactose absorbed?
a. small intestine
b. stomach
c. pancreas
d. liver
A
a. small intestine
21
Q
Considering the following smoke points of various fats, which would be the best to use for frying?
a. 300 degrees F
b. 325 degrees F
c. 375 degrees F
d. 400 degrees F
A
d. 400 degrees F
22
Q
Which minerals are involved in carbohydrate metabolism?
A
b. chromium, zinc
23
Q
Acidic chyme becomes neutralized in the duodenum by:
a. mixing with bicarbonate and fluids
b. mixing with alkaline intestinal enzymes
c. mixing with sodium and potassium
d. mixing with bile
A
a. mixing with bicarbonate and fluids
24
Q
The colon functions in the absorption of:
A
c. water, salts, vitamin K, thiamin, riboflavin
25
To prevent frozen gravy from separating when thawed:
a. reheat slowly and stir constantly
b. thaw it before heating ans stir constantly
c. prepare it with modified starch
d. cook it longer before freezing to stabilize the gravy
c. prepare it with modified starch
26
How much fluid is lost through insensible losses?
b. 1 liter
27
An amino acid that canot be produced by the body is:
d. tyrptophan
28
The following is an irreversible reaction:
a. pyruvic acid into lactic acid
b. pyruvic acid into acetyl CoA
c. glucose-6-phospate into glycogen
d. glucose-6-phosphate into pyruvate
b. pyruvic acid into acetyl CoA
29
Riboflavin, thiamin and niacin are all involved in the:
a. metabolism of carbohydrate
b. metabolism of fat
c. metabolism of protein
d. products of amino acids
a. metabolism of carbohydrate
30
An increased plasma pyruvate level is an indication of:
a. iron deficiency
b. riboflavin deficiency
c. excess carbohydrate ingestion
d. thiamin deficiency
d. thiamin deficiency
31
What stabilizes an egg white foam?
a. an acid
32
Winterized oil is:
b. clear when refrigerated
33
What may cause EKG abnormalities?
a. high serum potassium level
b. low serum potassium level
c. low serum sodium level
d. high serum sodium level
a. high serum potassium level
34
In the fed state, the brain uses which nutrient as a source of energy?
c. glucose
35
In starvation, the brain uses which nutrient as an energy source?
d. ketone bodies
36
Gluconeogenesis is the:
b. creation of glucose from glycerol and amino acids
37
Glycolysis is the:
a. catabolism of carbohydrate
b. creation of glucose from glycerol and amino acids
c. breakdown of glycogen releasing glucose
d. creation of glycogen
a. catabolism of carbohydrate
38
Glycogenolysis is the:
c. breakdown of glycogen releasing glucose
39
The end product of aerobic glycolysis is:
b. pyruvic acid
40
Protein-bound iodine (PBI) measures:
a. nutritional status
b. toxic levels of iodine
c. deficiency of epinephrine
d. level of thyroxine being produced
d. level of thyroxine being produced
41
The hormone epinephrine:
a. lowers blood glucose during catabolic stress
b. raises blood glucose during catabolic stress
c. is secreted from the pituitary gland
d. stimulates glycogen production
b. raises blood glucose during catabolic stress
42
A provitamin is:
a. a nutrient than can be converted into a vitamin
43
The formula for producing the active form of vitamin D is:
a. vitamin D3 converting into 7-dehydrocholesterol
b. erosterol converting into calciferol
c. cholesterol converting into calciferol
d. 7-dehydrocholesterol converting into cholecalciferol
d. 7-dehydrocholesterol converting into cholecalciferol
44
In the human, vitamin K is affected by:
a. anticoagulants and antibiotics
b. iodine
c. water-soluble vitamins
d. gluten
a. anticoagulants and antibiotics
45
Which hormone regulates calcium levels?
c. parathyroid
46
Pyridoxine acts as a coenzyme in:
a. iron transfer
b. deamination and transamination
c. fat transfer through the lymphatic system
d. osmotic pressure of body fluid
b. deamination and transamination
47
Which of the following are synthesized by intestinal bacteria?
a. biotin, pantothenic acid, vitamin K
b. vitamin E, vitamin K, biotin
c. pyridoxine, vitamin E
d. ascorbic acid, pyridioxine, vitamin K
a. biotin, pantothenic acid, vitamin K
Biotin- coenzyme in FA synthesis, converts pyruvate to oxaloacetate in gluconeogenesis
Pantothenic acid- Coenzyme A-energy synthesis of FAs
Vitamin K-Forms prothrombin in liver: aids blood clotting. Given pre-surgery. calcium metabolism
48
Ascorbic acid aids in healing. Which of the following applies?
a. collagen --> hydroxyproline
b. proline --> hydroxyproline --> collagen
c. hydroxyproline --> proline --> collagen
d. hydroxyproline --> collagen
b. proline --> hydroxyproline --> collagen
49
Biotin is considered a coenzyme in the synthesis of:
d. fatty acids
50
Food iron is in the ______form.
a. ferric
51
Food iron is reduced in the stomach to the more absorbable form of:
b. ferrous
52
Which would aid the absorption of an iron supplement?
a. cow's milk
b. orange juice, hamburger
c. milk, eggs, cheese
d. dates, eggs
b. orange juice, hamburger
53
Bile is produced in the _______and stored in the _________.
a. liver, gallbladder
54
Cholecystokinin causes:
a. contraction of the gallbladder
b. peristalsis
c. secretion of pancretic juice
d. contraction of the liver
a. contraction of the gallbladder
55
Which enzymes are involved in protein digestion?
a. ptyalin, lipase, sucrase
b. amylase, lipase, trypsin
c. pepsin, trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase
d. trypsin, lipase, amylase
c. pepsin, tyrpsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase
56
Protein digestion begins in the:
b. stomach
57
Which conversion requires glucose-6-phosphatase?
a. glucose into liver glycogen
b. glucose into pyruvic acid
c. pyruvic acid into lactic acid
d. liver glycogen into glucose
d. liver glycogen into glucose
58
Which enzymes are secreted by the
pancreas?
a. amylase, lipase, cholesterol esterase, trypsin, chymotrypsin
b. sucrose, maltase, lactase, aminopeptidase
c. ptylaln
d. aminopeptidase, dipeptidase
a. amylase, lipase, choesterol esterase, trypsin, chymotrypsin
59
Lactase is produced in the:
b. small intestine
60
NADPH is:
a. essential in the synthesis of fatty acids
b. essential in the synthesis of glycogen
c. involved in the catabolism of protein
d. essential in transamiation
a. essential in the synthesis of fatty acids
61
The following are required for the conversion of pyruvic acid into active acetate?
a. thiamin, NAD, oxaloacetic acid, magnesium
b. oxygen, pantothenic acid, vitamin E
c. thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, magnesium
d. pantothenic acid, oxaloacetate, citric acid
c. thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid, magnesium
62
Which vitamin acts as a coenzyme in transamination?
a. pyridoxine
b. thiamin
c. riboflavin
d. vitamin B12
a. pyridoxine
63
Glucocorticoids:
a. convert glucose into protein
b. convert fatty acids into glucose
c. convert glucose into fat
d. convert protein into glucose
c. convert glucose into fat
64
Glucocorticoids:
a. thyroid hormones
b. pituitary hormones
c. adrenal hormones
d. parathyroid hormones
d. parathyroid hormones
65
Dietary fat enters the blood as ____ and leaves the liver as_____.
a. phospholipids, chylomicrons
b. chylomicrons, phospholipids
c. chylomicrons, lipoproteins
d. lipoproteins, chylomicrons
c. chylomicrons, lipoproteins
66
The oxidation of fatty acids forms:
a. acetyl CoA
b. pyruvic acid
c. lactic acid
d. oxaloacetate
a. acetyl CoA
67
The best way to monitor an infants failure to thrive is to plot:
a. weight for length
b. length for age
c. weight
d. weight for age
a. wieght for length
68
Which of the following can be reversed with vitamin A?
a. xerophthamlia
b. nyctalopia
c. Wilsons disease
d. homocysteinuria
b. nyctalopia (night blindness)
69
Fresh meat contamination comes mainly from:
a. botulism
b. staphylococcus
c. clostridium
d. salmonella
d. salmonella
70
Which amino acids must be present in a parenteral solution?
a. valine, leucine, glycine, alanine
b. tryptophan, phenylalanine, threonine, isoleucine
c. phenylalanine, methionine, arginine, tryosine
d. lysine, glutamic acid, alanine, glycine
b. tryptophan, phenylalanine, threonine, isoleucine
71
Iron absorption is enhanced by:
a. acidic chyme in the duodenum
b. the alkalinity of the duodenum
c. oxalates and phytates
d. the absence of ascorbic acid
a. acidic chyme in the duodenum
72
Which of the following inhibits gluconeogenesis?
a. glycogen
b. insulin
c. catecholamines
d. glucocorticoids
b. insulin
| gluconeogenesis-synthensis of glucose from noncarbohydrate sources
73
Which has the lowest cholesterol content?
a. peanut butter and crackers
b. yogurt with fruit
c. chocolate cake
d. Roast beef sandwich
a. peanut butter and crackers
74
What is the difference between cake flour and bread flour?
a. cake flour has less gluten, weaker gluten, less protein
b. bread flour has less glutein, weaker gluten less protein
c. cake flour has weaker gluten, but has more protein
c. bread flour has stronger gluten and less protein
a. cake flour has less gluten, weaker gluten, less protein
75
Vitamin A is involved in:
a. growth and development
b. blood clotting
c. growth of bones and teeth
d. development of tissue and skin
d. development of tissue and skin
76
A patient with metabolic alkalosis would have:
a. excess excretion of base through the kidneys
b. retention of base by the lungs
c. excretion of base by the lungs
d. retention of base by the kidneys
d. retention of base by the kidneys
77
Which foods should be washed just before serving?
a. plums and grapes
b. peaches and carrots
c. strawberries and mushrooms
d. apples and celery
c. strawberries and mushrooms
78
Which government agency inspects and grades meat?
c. USDA
79
If linoleic acid replaces carbohydrates in the diet:
a. LDL decreases, HDL increases
best source is safflower oil (mostly PUFA)
80
Which is not absorbed directly into the portal blood?
a. monosaccharides
b. amino acids
c. medium chained fatty acids
d. long chained fatty acids
d. long chained fatty acids
81
When substituting buttermilk for whole milk in pastry:
a. decrease the liquid
b. increase the baking soda
c. increase the amount of butter
d. increase the liquid
b. increase the baking soda
82
Ground meat will spoil faster than sliced meat because:
a. it has more enzyme activity
b. it has more fat
c. more surface area is exposed
d. it has less fat
c. more surface area is exposed
83
Evaporated milk has:
a. slightly more than half of the water removed
b. added sugar
c. a fat content of 3-6%
d. lactose removed
a. slightly more than half of the water removed
84
ketones are most associated with:
a. complex carbohydrates
b. simple sugars
c. fats
d. amino acids
c. fats
85
Which best describes sorbitol and glucose?
a. sorbitol is sweeter than glucose
b. they each provide 7 calories per gram
c. sorbitol is absorbed more slowly
d. they both covert into fructose
c. sorbitol is absorbed more slowly
86
What causes egg yolk color to change?
a. alteration of the feed provided
| color of yolk depends on amount and type of pigment in hen's diet
87
Which data is needed to convert weight into volume?
c. specific gravity
88
The tartness in fruits and vegetables is due to:
a. flavones
b. cholrophyll
c. anthoxanthins
d. tannins
d. tannins
89
When a white sauce tastes starchy and grainy, the likely cause is:
a. too much starch
b. improprer proportions of ingredients
c. starch was added before the fat melted
d. uncooked flour
d. uncooked flour
90
The scientific process b which water makes lettuce crisp is:
a. ostmotic pressure of water-filled vacoules
b. diffusion
c. transamination
d. water active diffusion
a. ostmotic pressure of water-filled vacoules
91
When analyzing correlations, when r=1:
a. there is a perfect coorelation frone one to the other
b. there is no coorelation among data presented
c. the data presented move in opposite directions
d. there is a weak coorelation among data presented
a. there is a perfect coorelation from one to the other
92
Which hormone greatly influences BMR?
a. the endocrine hormone
b. thyroxine
c. the growth hormone
d. insulin
b. thyroxine
93
If linoleic acid replaces saturated fat in the diet:
a. total cholesterol including HDL decrease
best source of linoleic acid is safflower oil
lack of creates eczema, poor growth rate, petechiae (red, purple skin spots)
NOTE: if linoleic acid replaces CHO: LDL decreases, and HDL increases
94
Which oil is highest in monounsaturated fatty acids?
a. olive
b. canola
c. peanut
d. sunflower
a olive oil
95
which oil is highest in saturated fat?
a. coconut
b. palm
c. cocoa butter
d. butter
a coconut oil
96
Which of the following may result in metabolic acidosis?
a. decreased retention of bicarbonate
b. decreased retention of hydrogen
c. decreased retention of chloride
d. increased retention of bicarbonate
a. decreased retention of bicarbonate
97
Examples of moist heat cooking include:
a. braising, stewing
b. grilling, frying
c. broiling, braising
d. steaming, frying
a. braising, stewing
used for less tender cuts with more connective tissue (bottom round, chuck, brisket)
98
Dry heat cookery should be used for which cut of meat?
a. shoulder
b. neck
c. brisket
d. near the backbone
d. near the backbone (loin, sirloin)
dry heat used for tender cuts of meat
99
What color do onions turn when cooked in an aluminum pan?
a. purple
b. blue
c. red
d. yellow
d. yellow
colorless in acid, yellow in alkaline
100
Which cooking method would best covert collagen to gelatin in a bottom round roast?
a. grilling it to medium rare
b. braising
c. broiling
d. searing
b. braising
101
Which method of bread-making is not as dependent on the length of time the dough sits to rise?
a. straight dough method
b. sponge dough method
c. continous method
d. prime bake method
c. continuous method
102
Which nutrient is added for flour enrichment?
d. iron
103
What does the term "USDA graded" on meat tell the consumer?
a. it assures wholesomeness
b. it was free of disease at time of slaugher
c. The meat if fit for human consumption
d. it defines quality
d. it defines quality
104
A cake with a fallen center may be the results of:
a. too little fat
b. too little sugar
c. excess sugar and excess fat
d. too little baking powder
c. excess sugar and excess fat
other possibilities: excess baking powder, inadequate mixing, oven temp too low, open dorr during early baking
105
Which of the following has the least amount of saturated fat?
a. 2% milk
b. half and half
c. non-dairy creamer
d. evaporated skim milk
d. evaporated skim milk
106
Coarse texture in a cake can be due to what?
too much baking powder or sugar, oven temp too low, inadequate mixing
107
Nitrogen equilibrium is associated with:
a. a 25 year old pregnant female
b. a 25 year old male
c. a 15 year old girl
d. a 4 year old child
b. a 25 year old male
108
Childrens diets are found to be low in iron due to emphasis on what?
b. milk
109
Which mineral is involved in blood clotting?
a. calcium
110
Which of the following is true regarding flour?
a. all purpose flour is made from soft wheat
b. all purpose flour has more protein than bread flour
c. cake flour has the least and weakest gluten
d. cake flour las less starch than bread flour
c. cake flour has the least and weakest gluten
111
```
The main function of glycolsis is to provide:
a . pyruvate for the TCA cycle
b. lactic acid for energy use by muscles
c. muscle and liver glycogen
d. a substrate for the Cori cycle
```
a. pyruvate for the TCA cycle
112
Food service emplyees should wash their hands for at least:
c. 20 seconds
113
Metabolites of the Krebs cycle are:
a. water, energy, carbon dioxide
114
Meat graded "US Standard" is the grade given when?
d. time of slaughter
115
Which of the following substitutions will most decrease the sodium content of a biscuit?
I. low sodium milk for whole milk
II. egg substitute for egg
III low sodium baking powder
a. I
b. I, II
c. all of the above
d. I, III
d. I, III
| low sodium milk for whole milk and low sodium baking powder
116
Which pasta contains egg?
a. noodles
117
A patient who is iron-deficient should consume ___ with a good iron source.
a. apple juice
b. orange juice
c. milk
d. cheese
b. orange juice
118
A serum sodium level of 150 mEq/L indicates:
a. sepsis
b. dehydration
c. hypertension
d. hyperglycemia
b. dehydration
Normal range of sodium: 136-145 mEq/L
A serum sodium level of 150 mEq/L indicates hypernatremia. Hypernatremia can cause significant neurological, endocrine, and cardiac disturbances because the increase serum sodium causes intracellular water to diffuse into the extracellular spaces resulting in dehydration at the cellular level.
119
Cabbage should be cooked:
a. covered
b. in a small amount of water
c. in a large quantity of water
d. covered in a small amount of water
c. in a large quantity of water
120
To decrease sodium intake, substitute:
a. carrots for celery
b. unsalted margarine for regular margarine
c. diet margarine for regular margarine
d. carrots for pepper
b. unsalted margarine for regular margarine
121
Apples stored in a controlled environment would:
a. ripen quickly
b. last one to two years
c. have extended life and improved marketing quality
d. only be used as processed fruit
c. have extended life and improved marketing quality
122
The following oils can be winterized:
a. corn, soy, cottonseed
b. olive, corn, soy
c. cottonseed, olive
d. olive, corn
a. corn, soy, cottonseed
123
Which would you give to a person who is mildly hypokalemic?
a. 1 cup blueberries
b. 1 cup cranberries
c. 1/2 cup applesauce
d. 1 piece of cantaloupe
d. 1 piece of cantaloupe
Normal potassium: 3.5-5 mEq/L
Potassium sources: meat, fruits, vegetables (banana, orange, tomato, potato, cantaloupe)
124
A serum sodium level of 150 mEq/L is a sign of:
a. very high sodium intake
b. very low sodium intake
c. hyponatremia
d. hypernatremia
d. hypernatremia
Normal range of sodium: 136-145 mEq/L
125
To increase potassium intake, consume a snack of:
a. cheese and crackers, plums, cranberry juice
b. a bagel, milk and an apple
c. a grilled cheese and tomato sandwich with strawberries
d. tuna salad, a wheat roll, and a cola
c. a grilled cheese and tomato sandwich with strawberries
Normal potassium: 3.5-5 mEq/L
Potassium sources: meat, fruits, vegetables (banana, orange, tomato, potato, cantaloupe)
126
If protein intake is doubled, which nutrient needs to be increased?
a. pyridoxine
b. folic acid
c. niacin
d. vitamin C
a. pyridoxine
127
The level of significance of test results is measured using the p value. Which of the following represents the most significant factor?
a. < 0.0002
b. < 0.002
c. <0.02
d. < 0.20
a. < 0.0002
128
The Cori cycle converts:
a. glucose into galactose
b. lactate into pyruvate
c. lactic acid into glycogen
d. glycogen into glucose
b. lactate into pyruvate
129
Fats high in monounsaturated fatty acids include:
a. olive and canola
b. safflower and corn
c. coconut and palm
d. soy and peanut
a. olive and canola
130
Fats high in polyunsaturated fatty acids include:
a. olive and canola
b. safflower and corn
c. coconut and palm
d. soy and peanut
b. safflower and corn
131
Green beans cooked in tomato sauce turn___ due to _____.
a. bright green; chlorophyllin
b. olive green; pheophytin
c. brown; carotenoids
d. black; anthoxanthins
b. olive green; pheophytin
Pigment: green, due to chlorophyll
olive green in acid (pheopyhtin), bright green in alkaline (chlorophyllin)
132
If you are on a low phosphorus diet, what food should you most avoid?
a. yogurt
b. orange juice
c. beef
d. bread
a. yogurt
Sources: meat, milk, poultry, eggs, fish, cheese
133
A 5-month-old is diagnosed with salmonella. What is likely the cause?
a. fruit juice
b. milk
c. table food
d. evaporated milk
c. table food
134
An 8-month-old baby contracts botulism. What is the likely cause?
a. cereal and evaporate milk
b. cereal and honey
c. cereal and table food
d. cereal and fruit juice
b. cereal and honey
135
Which is the best source of emulsification?
a. eggs
b. milk
c. salt
d. flour
a. eggs
136
The kidneys respond to respiratory acidosis by:
a. increasing the secretion of magnesium
b. exchanging sodium for calcium
c. increasing the retention of bicarbonate
d. exchanging potassium for hydrogen
c. increasing the retention of bicarbonate
137
A serum sodium level of 150 mEq/L may be due to:
a. an increase in the intake of sodium-rich foods
b. decreased steroid formation
c. an increased level of aldosterone
d. a decrease in the intake of sodium-rich foods
c. an increased level of aldosterone
normal sodium range: 136-145 mEq/L
Aldosterone is a hormone that plays a big role in keeping your blood pressure in check.
Aldosterone balances the levels of sodium and potassium in your body. It signals to your organs, like your colon and kidneys, to put more sodium into your bloodstream or release more potassium into your pee.
Your adrenal glands, which are just above your kidneys, actually release the hormone.
When the level of aldosterone in your body is out of whack, it could lead to other health issues, including damage to your heart, brain, and kidneys.
138
Green peas held on the serving line may turn olive green due to:
a. pheophytin
b. chlorophyllin
c. anthoxanthins
d. flavones
a. pheophytin
139
In cereal production, enrichment adds:
a. vitamin A
b. vitamin D
c. iron
d. iodine
c. iron
140
Cured meat is pink due to:
a. sugar
b. salt
c. vinegar
d. nitrites
d. nitrites
141
A serum sodium level of 115 mEq/L may be due to:
a. over-hydration
b. dehydration
c. a very high sodium intake
d. a sodium intake of 5.5 grams per day
a. over-hydration
serum sodium is the BEST assessment parameter for fluid status. Hypernatremia is associated with dehydration. Hyponatremia is associated with over-hydration.
142
Butter has fatty acids in this order of predominance:
a. PUFA, MUFA, SFA
b. SAT, MUFA, PUFA
c. MUFA, SAT, PUFA
d. MUFA, PUFA, SAT
b. SAT, MUFA, PUFA
143
Margarine has fatty acids in this order of predominance:
a. PUFA, MUFA, SAT
b. SAT, MUFA, PUFA
c. MUFA, SAT, PUFA
d. MUFA, PUFA, SAT
A. PUFA, MUFA, SAT
144
Lactic acid is produced through:
a. glycolysis
b. gluconeogenesis
c. glycogenesis
d. lactolysis
a. glycolysis
Anaerobic glycolysis (Cori cycle) is a metabolic pathway involving the transformation of glucose to pyruvate and the further conversion of pyruvate to lactate, in the absence of oxygen.
145
Which of the following amino acids is a precursor for serotonin?
a. phyenylalanine
b. methionine
c. tryptophan
d. tyrosine
c. tryptophan
Serotonin is a NT. Low levels increase carbohdyrate appetite.
Serotonin is synthesized from the amino acid tryptophan by a short metabolic pathway consisting of two enzymes. First, tryptophan is converted to 5-hydroxytryptophan (5-HTP) by the tryptophan hydroxylase. In a second step, 5-HTP is converted to serotonin (5-HT) by the enzyme aromatic amino acid decarboxylase.
146
When on Dicumarol, avoid increasing your intake of:
a. spinach
b. beets
c. corn
d. beef
a. spinach
common brand name drug used: Coumadin
It is an oral anticoagulant that interferes with the metabolism of vitamin K (aids in blood clotting).
Vitamin K rich foods: spinach, kale, broccoli, green, leafy vegetables
147
If there is not enough oxaloacetic acid available to the TCA cycle:
a. pyruvic acid cannot be converted to acetyl CoA
b. glucose-6-phosphate cannot be converted to pyruvic acid
c. acetyl CoA coming in from fat cannot be handled properly
d. glycogen cannot be converted back to glucose-6-phosphate
c. acetyl CoA coming in from fat cannot be handled properly
if there is not enough oxaloacetate available to form citrate, the rate of acetyl CoA metabolism, and hence the rate of formation of ATP, will slow down.
148
Energy expenditure of humans can be measured by:
a. heat intake
b. food intake
c. nitrogen output
d. oxygen consumption
d. oxygen consumption (most accurate)
Energy expenditure can be estimated by measuring macronutrient or oxygen consumption, or heat production or carbon dioxide production.
Most measurement approaches in use today involve the measurement of oxygen consumption and/or production of carbon dioxide via indirect calorimetry.
149
Gastric proteolysis requires:
a. pyridoxine
b. ascorbic acid
c. hydrochloric acid
d. the intrinsic factor
c. hydrochloric acid
Proteolysis is the breakdown of proteins into smaller polypeptides or amino acids
150
Patients with early signs of xerophthalmia should consume:
a. chicken, fish, summer squash
b. liver, milk, eggs
c. oatmeal, almonds, berries
d. high fiber cereals, salad greens
b. liver, milk, eggs
Xerophthalmia is a progressive eye disease caused by vitamin A deficiency. Lack of vitamin A can dry out your tear ducts and eyes. Xerophthalmia can develop into night blindness or more serious damage to your cornea, the outer layer of your eye. This damage may take the form of white spots on your eyes and ulcers on your corneas.
Foods high in vitamin A: yellow, orange fruits, dark green leafy vegetables, cantaloupe, fish, liver, carrots, fortified skim milk, apricots, sweet potato
151
Sorbitol is:
a. less sweet than sucrose and has a lower glycemic index than sucrose
b. less sweet than sucrose and has a higher glycemic index than sucrose
c. sweeter than sucrose
d. sweeter than sucrose and has a lower glycemic response than sucrose
a. less sweet than sucrose and has a lower glycemic index than sucrose
152
Which mineral is absorbed through the intestine and transported with ceruloplasmin in the blood?
a. copper
b. iodine
c. sodium
d. calcium
a. copper
In the bloodstream, copper is carried throughout the body by albumin, ceruloplasmin, and other proteins. The majority of blood copper (or serum copper) is bound to ceruloplasmin.
153
The Schilling test detects defects in the absorption of:
a. folic acid
b. cyanocobalamin
c. pyridoxine
d. iron
b. cyanocobalamin
The Schilling test measures cobalamin absorption by assessing increased urine radioactivity after an oral dose of radioactive cobalamin. The test is useful in demonstrating that the anemia is caused by an absence of IF and is not secondary to other causes of cobalamin deficiency. It is also useful for identifying patients with classic pernicious anemia, even after they have been treated with vitamin B12.
154
Which of the following should be avoided on a low sodium diet?
a. pork loin
b. turkey roll
c. beef sirloin
d. lamb chop
b. turkey roll
155
What is the effect of excess caffeine intake?
a. insomnia
b. nausea
c. bloating
d. weight gain
a. insomnia
156
The toxic level of vitamin A has been identified as:
a. 5000 IU
b. 10000 IU
c. 15000 IU
d. 20000 IU
b. 10000 IU
Vitamin A needs:
M: 900 ug (micrograms) RE
F: 700 ug RE
157
How many oranges are needed to produce one quart of juice?
a. 12 oranges
158
The amino acid tryptophan can be converted into:
a. serotonin
b. catecholamines
c. phenylalanine
d. tyrosine
a. serotonin
159
A muffin has long tunnels from top to bottom. Net time you make this recipe you should:
a. add more baking soda
b. avoid over-mixing the batter
c. add less butter
d. cook it for a shorter time
b. avoid over-mixing the batter
other problem with excess mixing:
loss of carbone dioxide, overdeveloped gluten
160
Nitrites added to cured meats cause:
a. slightly salty taste
b. slightly sour taste
c. a slight pink color
d. a slightly brown color
c. a slight pink color
161
Phenylalanine is a precursor for:
a. serotonin
b. catecholamines
c. tryptophan
d. tyrosine
d. tyrosine
162
Which cheese has the highest moisture content?
a. cheddar
b. swiss
c. mozzarella
d. gorgonzola
c. mozzarella
163
Decreased levels of serotonin are associated with:
a. decrease in carbohydrate appetite
b. increase in carbohydrate appetite
c. decreased sensation of taste
d. increased sensation of taste
b. increase in carbohydrate appetite
164
Carbohydrate, fat, and protein are all converted into:
a. pyruvic acid
b. acetyl CoA
c. oxaloacetic acid
d. ketoglutamic acid
b. acetyl CoA
165
If energy needs increase, which vitamins are needed in higher amounts?
a. A, C, folate
b. A, C, thiamin
c. thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid
d. pyridoxine, cyanocobalamin
c. thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, pantothenic acid
166
How many mEq of sodium are in 1 gram of sodium?
a. 25
b. 43
c. 65
d. 110
b. 43
To convert sodium (Na) in mg to mEq you divide the value by the molecular weight of sodium (23 mg/mM). In this case for example, 157 mg of sodium equals 7 mEq.
167
How can you preserve thiamin when cooking pork?
a. use the drippings after the fat has been removed
b. insert a meat thermometer and cook it to 145 degrees F in an oven at 325 degrees
c. increase the cooking temperature to lessen cooking time
d. add a small quantity of water during cooking
b. insert a meat thermometer and cook it to 145 degrees F in an oven at 325 degrees
168
A good source of vitamin A for pre-school children would be:
a. grapes
b. watermelon
c. cantaloupe pieces
d. banana
c. cantaloupe pieces
169
Which amino acid is especially glucogenic?
a. alanine
b. threonine
c. valine
d. methionine
a. alanine
```
A glucogenic amino acid is an amino acid that can be converted into glucose through gluconeogenesis.
In humans, the glucogenic amino acids are:
Alanine
Arginine
Asparagine
Aspartic acid
Cysteine
Glutamic acid
Glutamine
Glycine
Histidine
Methionine
Proline
Serine
Valine
```
Amino acids that are both glucogenic and ketogenic (mnemonic "PITTT"):
```
Phenylalanine
Isoleucine
Threonine
Tryptophan
Tyrosine
```
Only leucine and lysine are not glucogenic (they are only ketogenic).
170
If carbohydrate intake is increased, which vitamin needs to be increased?
a. thiamin
b. niacin
c. riboflavin
d. pyridoxine
a. thiamin
| thiamin, CoA [pantothenic acid], riboflavin, niacin, magnesium, lipoic acid- needed for metabolism
171
The rate of oxidation of which branched-chain amino acid increases significantly during moderate exercise?
a. leucine
b. phenylalanine
c. tyrosine
d. threonine
a. leucine
172
What should you do with leftover sliced beef from lunch?
a. throw it out
b. let the meat cool at room temp and then serve within 2 days
c. refrigerate immediately and then serve within 2 days
d. keep it in the warmer until dinner time
c. refrigerate immediately and then serve within 2 days
frig temperature below 40 degrees F
173
A food is bacteria-safe if it is:
a. neutral and moist
b. neutral and dry
c. acidic and dry
d. acidic and moist
c. acidic and moist
174
```
French fries made from stored potatoes would have changes in:
I. taste II. appearance III. texture
a. I, II, III
b. II, III
c. I
d. I, III
```
a. I, II, III
175
What percent of protein and fat converts to glucose?
a. 58% pro, 10% fat
b. 10% pro, 60% fat
c. 30% pro, 30% fat
d. 20% pro, 40% fat
a. 58% pro, 10% fat
176
Excess amounts of zinc may lead to a deficiency of:
a. copper
b. magnesium
c. folate
d. cobalt
a. copper
Large doses of zinc prevent your digestive tract from absorbing copper from your diet, so regularly taking too much zinc depletes your body's copper levels. Copper deficiency can lower your white blood cell count, putting you at increased risk of an infection, since white blood cells make up a part of your immune system. Low copper levels also negatively affect your red blood cells, preventing proper oxygen transport and causing anemia.
sources of zinc: meat, shellfish, eggs, dairy, legumes, nuts, seeds
177
When adding bran to a flour mixture, what should be changed?
a. baking temperature
b. increase the fat and liquid
c. increase the oxidizing agent
d. increase the flour and liquid
d. increase the flour and liquid
178
A food item provides 45 grams of carbohydrate, 10 grams of protein and 10 grams of fat. What percent of total calories comes from fat?
a. 34%
b. 29%
c. 23%
d. 20%
b. 29%
```
45 gm CHO x4= 180 cal
10 gm Pro x 4= 40 cal
10 gm Fat x 9= 90 cal
total cal= 310 cal
90/310=.29 x100= 29%
```
179
Which of the following is a digestive enzyme secreted by the pancreas?
a. pepsin
b. amylase
c. lactase
d. maltase
b. amylase
protease, lipase, amylase
180
Sugar tenderizes a baked good by:
a. absorbing some of the water that gluten needs
b. increasing the strength of the gluten
c. increasing the action of the leavening agent
d. staritng gluten development
a. absorbing some of the water that gluten needs
sugar is hygroscopic-modified texture by tenderizing. sugar sofen gluten and prevents gluten development by absorbing some of the water that gluten needs
181
Dermatitis, diarrhea, dementia, pellagra are signs of:
a. riboflavin deficiency
b. thiamin deficiency
c. pyridoxine deficiency
d. niacin deficiency
d. Niacin deficiency
Males: 16 NE
Females: 14 NE
sources of niacin: protein, peanuts, ready-to-eat cereals, chicken, rice, yeast, milk
182
What must be fortified with folic acid?
a. skim milk
b. cornmeal
c. orange juice
d. canned vegetables
b. cornmeal
the B vitamin folic acid will be added to enriched bread, flour, cornmeal, rice, pasta, and other grain products, according to a 1996 U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation.
183
Pie crust is moist the day after cooking. Why?
a. overcooking of the crust
b. retrogradation of filling
c. too much egg in the recipe
d. inadequate flour
b. retrogradation of filling
184
What is the main purpose of water in the body?
a. it acts as a medium for cell metabolism
b. it helps transport calcium through cell membranes
c. it maintains electrolyte balance
d. to maintain body temperature
a. it acts as a medium for cell metabolism
Water in the human body plays an essential role by carrying carbohydrates and protein through the blood and eliminating excess salt, minerals, and other substances.
185
What is fluid seeping from a congealed product called?
a. retrogradation
b. syneresis
c. coagulation
d. gelatinization
b. syneresis
Syneresis is the term that describes liquid oozing out of a large number of foods such as jams, jellies, sauces, dairy products, surimi and tomato juice, as well as meat and soybean products.
186
Strict vegans may need supplements of:
a. chromium
b. zinc
c. iron
d. thiamin
b. zinc
Few plant foods actually contain zinc. Moreover, zinc absorption from some plant foods is limited due to their phytate content.
187
The citric acid cycle occurs:
a. in the cytoplasm of the cell and produces energy as ATP
b. in the mitochondria and produces energy as ATP
c. in the cytoplasm of the cell and produces pyruvic and lactic acids
d. in the mitochondria and prouces pyruvic and lactic acids
b. in the mitochondria and produces energy as ATP
citric acid cycle produces 90% of bodys energy as ATP (also CO2 and water)
Full oxidation of 1 molecule of glucose yields 38 ATP
188
Frozen chicken has been thawed in warm water. You should:
a. prepare it immediately
b. discard it
c. refreeze it
d. refrigerate it
b. discard it
Perishable foods should never be thawed on the counter or in hot water and must not be left at room temperature for more than two hours. There are safe ways to thaw food: in the refrigerator, in cold water, and in the microwave.
189
When substituting butter for lard in pastry:
a. use the same amount
b. use less
c. use more
d. use less and decrease the water content
c. use more
190
The purpose of an emulsifier in margarine is to:
a. keep water and fat from seperating
b. keep water and fat separated
c. sustain the natural flavor of the ingredients
d. retain the color
a. keep water and fat from seperating
191
Which of the following must be reduced before it can be further transported for absorption?
a. dipeptides
b. whey
c. casein hydrolysate
d. crystalline amino acids
b. whey
192
Adding bran to a bread recipe will:
a. increase the volume
b. decrease the volume
c. required an increase in oven temperature
d. require a decrease in oven temperature
b. decrease the volume
193
An angel food cake is made without cream of tartar. What is the result?
a. a yellowy cake
b. a bright white cake
c. a cake with large volume
d. a very tender cake
a. a yellowy cake
194
All baking powders contain:
a. sodium bicarbonate
b. tartrate
c. phosphate
d. acetate
a. sodium bicarbonate
195
Beef bottom round should be cooked:
a. at a high temp for a short time
b. in water for an extended time
c. in dry heat
d. in moist heat for a short time
b. in water for an extended time
196
Which of the following combines with CoA in two carbon fragments to make acetyl CoA to then enter the Krebs cycle to make energy?
a. lactic acid
b. fatty acids
c. glucose
d. fructose
b. fatty acids
197
What is the best way to cook a roast?
a. sear the meat first, roast at 400degrees F
b. cook slowly in the oven at 325 degrees
c. cook it at 400 degrees F for 10 minutes, then at 350 degrees
d. brown the meat, then cook it at 350 degrees
b. cook slowly in the oven at 325 degrees
198
If you are comparing the prevalence of heart disease in two states, the study design is:
a. analytical research
b. case control research
c. descriptive research
d. quasi-experimental
c. descriptive research
Descriptive research is mainly done when a researcher wants to gain a better understanding of a topic. That is, analysis of the past as opposed to the future. Descriptive research is the exploration of the existing certain phenomena.
199
Which of the following has the most bacteria?
a. roast chicken
b. ground beef
c. roast veal
d. roast pork
b. ground beef
when beef is ground, bacteria from its surface are mixed throughout the meat as it is chopped into tiny pieces. That means ground beef—and all other ground meats, like ground chicken, turkey, pork or lamb, which are processed the same way—must be cooked all the way through in order to kill the bacteria.
200
What is the product of pyruvate breakdown?
a. acetyl CoA
b. glycogen
c. NADPH
d. glucose-6-phosphate
a. acetyl CoA
201
Which of the following is true?
a. fructose has sucrose
b. fructose is less concentrated than glucose
c. frustose takes longer to digest than glucose
d. fructose is sweeter than glucose
d. fructose is sweeter than glucose
202
Infants should be given solid foods when?
a. 4-6 months
203
Which of the following is a grade for fresh produce?
a. US select
b. US Grade 1
c. US No. 1
d. US standard
c. US No. 1
204
What is the recommended weight gain during pregnancy for a women with a BMI of 28?
c. 15-25 pounds
205
What gives the structure to quick breads?
a. flour and milk
b. flour and water
c. egg and flour
d. egg
c. egg and flour
206
When taking an anticoagulant, avoid the following:
a. thiamin supplments
b. vitamin E supplements about 400 IU per day
c. supplements of calcium and vitamin D
d. niacin supplements
b. vitamin E supplements about 400 IU per day
Vitamin E, a fat soluble vitamin, may prevent blood clots from forming or may make the effects of prescription anticoagulants such as warfarin more powerful. Vitamin E in large doses may interfere with vitamin K, which helps blood clot
207
What is the function of cream of tartar in a recipe?
a. prevents the Maillard reaction
b. enhances the Maillard reaction
c. increases alkalinity allowing for better leavening
d. enhances gelation
a. prevents the Maillard reaction
Maillard reaction is a chemical reaction between amino acids and reducing sugars that gives browned food its distinctive flavour. Seared steaks, pan-fried dumplings, cookies and other kinds of biscuits, breads, toasted marshmallows, and many other foods
208
The flour with the most starch is:
a. cake
b. whole wheat
c. instantized
d. durum
a. cake
209
In interpreting correlation data, if the r value is greater than 1:
a. the relationship is strong
b. the result is not valid
c. the relationship is weak
d. it is within 1 standard deviation
b. the result is not valid
210
Homemade rolls are crumbly and fall apart easily. The most likely cause of the poor texture in the yeast bread is:
a. use of a high-protein flour
b. use of lower-protein flour
c. insufficient proofing time
d. excessive proofing time
b. use of lower-protein flour
211
Replacing carbohydrate with fat in the diet will:
a. raise the respiratory quotient
b. lower the respiratory quotient
c. increase the respiratory rate
d. spare protein
b. lower the respiratory quotient
212
A commercial muffin mix is described as a "rich formula", which means it contains:
a. high proportions of sugar and shortening
b. high-fructose corn syrup instead of crystalline sugar
c. high amounts of whey insead of nonfat dry milk solids
d. more chemical leavening than is used in a "lean formula"
a. high proportions of sugar and shortening
213
The greatest effect on the yield of meat cooked to a uniform internal temperature is produced by the:
a. type of oven and source of the heat
b. weight of meat and the oven load
c. degree of tempering and the grade of meat
d. cooking time and the oven temperature
d. cooking time and oven temperature
214
In the quasi-experimental design "time series", there is:
a. series of control groups
b. no control group
c. an experimental and a control group
d. a placebo group
b. no control group
215
which of the following will stabilize the egg in the recipe?
a. a base
b. an acid
c. sugar
d. salt
b. an acid
216
A natural plant hormone that is used to ripen fruits is:
a. methanol
b. ethylene
c. acetyl acid
d. ethanol
b. ethylene
217
Aseptically packaged milk should be stored:
a. in dry storage
b. in the refrigerator
c. in the freezer
d. below 40 degrees
a. in dry storage
Aseptic processing is a processing technique wherein commercially thermally sterilized liquid products are packaged into previously sterilized containers under sterile conditions to produce shelf-stable products that do not need refrigeration.
218
The sensitivity of a screening tool evaluates:
a. the proportion of non-afflicted individuals identified as non-afflicted
b. the consistency or reproducibility of test results
c. the proportion of afflicted individuals who tested positive
d. the amount of variation that occurs randomly within the population
c. the proportion of afflicted individuals who tested positive
219
A processed food entree includes TVP which is used to:
a. add color
b. improve taste
c. retain water and add protein
d. act as an emulsifier
c. retain water and add protein
220
If broccoli in a vegetable mixture turns olive green during holding it may be due to:
a. lemon juice
b. baking soda
c. salt
d. sugar
a. lemon juice (an acid)
221
In the alanine cycle, alanine is released from muscle, taken up by the liver, and:
a. excreted in the urine
b. deaminated to release glucose
c. converted into adipose
d. oxidized to nitric acid
b. deaminated to release glucose
GLUCOSE/ALANINE CYCLE
Summary of the glucose/alanine cycle:
During extended periods of fasting (eg baby not feeding well, Ramadan fasting/puasa bulan Ramadhan), skeletal muscle is degraded as an alternative source of energy.
Alanine is the major amino acid present when muscle (protein) is degraded.
The glucose-alanine cycle occurs in skeletal muscle to eliminate nitrogen while replenishing (renewing) the energy supply for muscle.
The amino group transported from the muscle to the liver in the form of alanine, is converted to urea in the urea cycle and excreted.
(ii) Reactions in skeletal muscle:
In muscle cells and other peripheral tissues, glycolysis produces pyruvate.
Pyruvate can be transaminated to alanine.
The transamination reaction requires an α-amino acid as donor of the amino group, generating an α-keto acid in the process.
This reaction is catalyzed by alanine transaminase, ALT.
The alanine then enters the blood stream and is transported to the liver.
Alanine is returned to the liver for gluconeogenesis.
(iii) Reactions in liver:
Within the liver, alanine is converted back to pyruvate by deamination.
Pyruvate is a source of carbon atoms for gluconeogenesis.
Gluconeogenesis converts pyruvate to form glucose.
The newly formed glucose can then enter the blood for delivery back to the muscle.
This pathway is termed the glucose-alanine cycle.
222
In the Cori cycle, lactate is converted into:
a. ribose
b. NADPH
c. pyruvate
d. acetyl CoA
c. pyruvate
| In the Cori cycle lactaee is released from tissue, transported to the liver, and converted back to pyruvate
223
Normal saline has ___ mEq sodium/L:
a. 154
b. 100
c. 50
d. 200
a. 154 m Eq sodium/L
224
An amylase deficiency would result in:
a. decreased gluconeogenesis
b. decreased lipolysis
c. decreased glycolysis
d. decreased proteolysis
c. decreased glycolysis
amylase breaks down carbohydrates (glucose).
225
Fresh eggs in the shell can be stored in a refrigerator at 40 degrees for:
a. 3 weeks
b. 2 weeks
c. 10 days
d. 4-6 days
a. 3 weeks
226
Trypsin and chymotrypsin are:
a. pancreatic enzymes that provide proteolytic action
b. intestinal enzymes that digest starch
c. liver hormones involved in fat digestion
d. intestinal enzymes that digest protein
a. pancreatic enzymes that provide proteolytic action
227
Acid-base abnormalities in an uncontrolled diabetic are likely due to:
a. respiratory alkalosis
b. metabolic acidosis
c. respiratory acidosis
d. metabolic alkalosis
b. metabolic acidosis
metabolic acidosis:
decrease in HCO3-
kidneys excrete excess base; uremia, diarrhea. The compensatory response is; respiration increases to expel carbon dioxide to decrease carbonic acid
increase in H+-
increaseed hydrogen production or retention by kidney, uncontrolled diabetes, starvation, high fat or low CHO diet
The compensatory response is:
hyperventilation
228
A patient consumed 12 grams of protein and released 8 grams of nitrogen in the urine. This is:
a. nitrogen balance
b. negative nitrogen balance
c. positive nitrogen balance
d. plus 4 nitrogen balance
b. negative nitrogen balance
nitrogen balance compares intake to output
formual: nitrogen in minus nitrogen out
protein intake (grams)/6.25 minus (urinary urea nitrogen + 4)
12/6.25 - (8 +4)= -10.08
229
Kidneys help control pH by:
a. excreting sodium and calcium
b. controlling the ratio of hydrogen ions to bicarbonate excretion
c. excreting carbon dioxide and carbonic acid
d. excreting NADPH
b. controlling the ration of hydrogen ions to bicarbonate excretion
230
Pernicious anemia is likely to occur following a:
a. colectomy
b. colostomy
c. gastrectomy
d. esophagostomy
c. gastrectomy
Pernicious anemia is a chronic illness caused by impaired absorption of vitamin B-12 because of a lack of intrinsic factor (IF) in gastric secretions.
Gastrectomy can lead to vitamin B12 deficiency and affect the production of Intrinsic Factor. When the proximal stomach is resected or if the cells of the stomach lining are not able to produce Intrinsic Factor as an effect of gastrectomy, pernicious anemia is developed by the patient. The lack of Intrinsic Factor is the main cause of pernicious anemia because it is needed by the body to absorb vitamin B12. Normally, Intrinsic Factor combines with vitamin B12 and it helps in the absorption of B12 through the intestines.
231
A patient's I/O form indicates the following data. What is his total insensible fluid loss?
```
Input (ml)
Oral fluids 1800
Solid foods 800
Metabolic water 250
Total: 2850
Output (ml)
urine 1900
intestinal 250
lungs and skin 700
Total 2850
```
a. 700 ml
b 950 ml
c. 1900 ml
d. 2850 ml
a. 700 ml
Fluid loss can be classified as sensible or insensible.
Sensible losses include those obvious methods of excretion, such as fluid loss through urination, gastric drainage or vomiting.
Insensible losses are more subtle and include fluid loss through sweating or breathing (lungs, skin, respiratory tract)
Normal Insensible water loss averages 8-12 mL/kg/d & increases 10% for every degree of body temp > 37.2 °C (99 °F)
232
Which pigment can be converted into a vitamin?
a. chlorophyll
b. carotenoids
c. anthocyanin
d. anthoxanthins
b. carotenoids
233
The amount of ceruloplasmin is affected by what disease?
a. Addisons disease
b. pheochromocytoma
c. Cushings syndrome
d. Wilsons disease
d. Wilsons disease
Wilson's disease is a genetic disorder in which copper builds up in the body. Symptoms are typically related to the brain and liver. Liver-related symptoms include vomiting, weakness, fluid build up in the abdomen, swelling of the legs, yellowish skin, and itchiness.
Ceruloplasmin is the protein that binds with copper to remove it from the body. It is the unbound (to ceruloplasmin) copper that is free to roam around the body and accumulate in organs causing Wilson disease damage.
234
An edematous person may actually be dehydrated because:
a. intravascular fluid is retained
b. intravascular fluid is diluted
c. fluid is retained intracellularly
d. fluid is retained extracellularly
d. fluid is retained extracellularly
235
When alpha-linolenic acid is substituted for saturated fatty acids in the diet, the results will be:
a. increased HDL, reduced LDL
b. decreased triglycerides, lower total cholesterol
c. decreased triglycerides, little change in total cholesterol
d. lower HDL, increased LDL
c. decreased triglycerides, little change in total cholesterol
Alpha-linolenic acid is a type of omega-3 fatty acid found in plants. It is found in flaxseed oil, and in canola, soy, perilla, and walnut oils.
Alpha Linolenic Acid (ALA) is an essential (body can't produce, other is linoleic acid) Omega 3 fatty acid necessary for a wide range of functions in the body's cardiovascular (heart) system, immune system, and endocrine (hormone) system.
236
When substituted for saturated fats in the diet, which of the following oils will likely lower total cholesterol but also lower HDL cholesterol?
a. olive oil
b. canola oil
c. peanut oil
d. safflower oil
d. safflower oil
safflower oil is mostly polyunsaturated fat. Good source of linoleic acid (essential amino acid)
237
What is the best way to reduce the fat content of a brownie recipe?
a. use margarine instead of butter
b. cut out all the fat
c. cut out half the fat
d. use prune puree in place of half the fat
d. use prune puree in place of half the fat
238
You want to keep lemon meringue pie at its peak. What should you do?
a. add sugar with eggs
b. add flour with butter
c. keep the pie at room temperature
d. keep the pie refrigerated
d. keep the pie refrigerated
239
A child is lethargic and irritable with diarrhea. The cause may be:
a. zinc toxicity
b. lead poisoning
c. iron overload
d. vitamin A toxicity
b. lead poisoning
240
A child is at the 95th percentile BMI for age. He is:
a. normal
b. obese
c. overweight
d. tall for his age
b. obese
```
BMI for age percentiles start at age 2:
Underweight < 5th
Healthy Weight 5th to 84th
Overweight 85th to 94th
Obese >= 95th or BMI >30
```
241
A:
a. overweight
b. tall for his age
c. muscular for his age
d. normal weight
a. overweight
```
BMI for age percentiles start at age 2:
Underweight < 5th
Healthy Weight 5th to 84th
Overweight 85th to 94th
Obese >= 95th or BMI >30
```
242
Cross-sectional studies:
a. describe past events and conditions
b. are useful in predicting future events
c. are a snap-shot look at one point in time
d. measure before and after an intervention occurs
c. are a snap-shot look at one point in time
one time data collection counting all of the cases of a specific disease among a group of people at a particular time. Snap shot describes current, not past or future events
243
To determine whether promtional efforts have increased sales in a business, use;
a. the experimental design
b. an observational study
c. a survey
d. a segmentation process
a. the experimental design
244
What should you do with a new client who sits scowling at you during the session?
a. presume she understands what you are saying
b. ask her if she is uncomfortable about the session
c. recognize than new clients are seldom relaxed.
d. preseum that she just would rather be somewhere else
b. ask her if she uncomfortable about the session
245
The absence of reinforcement following an undersirable behavior is:
a. positive reinforcement
b. punishment
c. extinction
d. avoidance
c. extinction
extinction is one type of behavior modification method.
Extinction reduces undesired behavior
which involves the absence of reinforcement following undesired behavior (ignore). If extinction is repeated, behavior will eventually disappear
246
A study design that tracks the occurence of infections in patients who are at nutritional risk and in the hospital for longer than 7 days is:
a. cohort study
b. time series method
c. case control study
d. descriptive research
a. cohort study
Cohort study: any group whose members have something in common. carried out over a long period of time (longitudinal) and prospective (future-oriented). Retrospective cohort studies use existing data and look back for relationship between exposure factors and outcomes.
247
Which of the following foods is the best source of omega-3 fatty acids?
a. shrimp
b. anchovies
c. sardines
d. olive oil
c. sardines
PUFAS
Omega 3 Fatty Acids have 3 main dietary types:
-Alpha Linolenic Acids (ALAs) - Found in Plant Foods
-Eicosapentaenoic Acid (EPA) - Found in Fish and Seafood
-Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) - Found in Fish and Seafood
248
Before you teach a class on nutrition, you should:
a. research all curretn materials at the library
b. read a current nutrition textbook
c. take a survey to determine what they are interested in
d. assess the students current nutrition knowledge
d. assess the students current nutrition knowledge
249
You are explaining to a new client how making a few changes in his food choices will benefit his overall health. The learning domain is:
a. psychomotor
b. cognitive
c. affective
d. human
c. affective
| affective: acquistion of attitudes and values, growth in feelings or emotions
250
Active listening in counseling sessions involves:
a. probing into specific areas of behavior
b. empathizing
c. selective perception
d. paraphrasing and responding
d. paraphrasing and responding
active or reflective listening is paraphrasing or repeating back what was just said which involves absorbing what is being said and responding to the persons concerns
251
A study reported a 10% morbidity rate in infants in the country and a 12% morbidity rate for infants in the city. This means that:
a. 10% of infants died in the country
b. more infants died in the city than in the country
c. more disease in infants in the city than in the country
d. more disease in infants in the country than in the city
c. more disease in infants in the city than in the country
Morbidity-disease state
Mortality- incidence of death
252
The first step in planning a continuing education program is to:
a. locate the guest speaker
b. survey participants to see what interests them
c. survey other groups to see what they are doing
d. select a topic than has not been offered lately.
b. survey participants to see what interests them
253
When planning a program for rural elderly, which is the most important?
a. the number of participants
b. what you will serve
c. where it will be held
d. how they will get to you
d. how they will get to you
254
Which exhibits a definit positive correlation?
a. .05-.07
b. 1.2-1.3
c. 0.8-1.0
d. 0.2-0.9
c. 0.8-1.0
255
Where would this be places in a research article: "most of the changes seen were probably due to.../"
a. introduction
b. discussion
c. results
d. summary
b. discussion
256
You are asked to give an in-service to the staff. What should you do first?
a. ask them what they want to learn
b. read up on the subject
c. observe the staff at work to identify problems
d. see what other hospitals are teaching
c. observe the staff at work to identify problems
257
When should an explanation of how a worker will be evaluated be given to them?
a. one month prior to their evaluation
b. they should not be shown to the worker
c. the day of the evaluation before you meet with them
d. the day they are hired
d. the day they are hired
258
When developing educational plans, when do you plan the evaluation criteria:
a. before implementation of the plan
b. do it bfore you plan anything else
c. plan evaluation criteria at each step in the process
d. plan it just before you offer the program
c. plan evaluation criteria at each step in the process
259
The first step in developing a training program is to:
a. assess the needs of the group
b. review training programs offered in other locations
c. provide the trainer with detailed instructions
d. estimate approximate length of time needed to complete training
a. assess the needs of the group
260
Which of the following is the most useful for evaluating long term nutrition in children?
a. height for age
b. weight for height
c. weight for age
d. length for weight
a. height for age
defines shortness/tallness
reflects L/T nutritional status; determines extent of stunting
affected by L/T nutritional stress or chronic illness
< 5th percentile- short stature
261
Which denotes a high correlation?
a. .2
b. .4
c. .6
d. .8
d. .8
| .1 is a perferct correlation
262
The mean is a measure of:
a. normal curve
b. central tendency
c. frequency curve
d. straight line
b. central tendency
mean is the average of the numbers in a set
263
In intrepreting statisical data, if half the observations are above the number 8, and half are belwo the number 8, the number 8 is the:
a. mode
b. median
c. mean
d. avierage
b. median
The median is the middle number
264
In a study of the effects of following a low fat diet on the incidence of breast cancer, women were randomized to follow either their usual dietary pattern, or a low fat diet. The study design is:
a. descriptive research
b. analytical research
c. cross-sectional
d. qualitative
b. analytical research
265
A study showed the morbidity of chilren with aneamia to be 5: 1000. This means:
a. 5 children out of 1000 died of anemia
b. 5 children out of 1000 had anemia
c. 1000 children had anemia
d. 1000 children died of anemia
b. 5 children out of 1000 had anemia
morbidity- disease state
266
A 5-month old infant has changed from the 65th to the 95th percentile weight for height. The dietitian should first:
a. suggest the infant receives more solid foods
b. change the feeding formual
c. check to see if weights have been plotted properly
d. increase the amount of formula provided
c. check to see if weights have been plotted properly
267
You are analyzing a clients physical ability to prepare meals. The learning domain is:
a. conceptual
b. affective
c. human
d. psychomotor
d. psychomotor
psychomotor- acquistion of muscular skills (exercises, food preparation)
268
At your first counseling session with a new patient you should:
a. tell him you have to change his diet
b. find out what he eats
c. give him instructional materials
d. teach him meal exchanges
b. find out what he eats
269
An appropriate purpose of analytical research is to ____.
a. test the hypothesis
b. investigate the...
c. formulate a hypothesis..
d. distinguish between...
a. test the hypothesis
270
The best indicator that children applied knowledge from a nutrition education program about vitamin D is:
a. their parents know about good sources of vitamin D
b. the children can name good sources of vitamin D
c. the children request more snacks with vitamin D
d. the children know the reasons for including vitam D
c. the children request more snacks with vitamin D
271
In a study on custars which would be the dependent variable?
a. the amount of milk and sugar in the recipe
b. the cooked custard
c. the temperture of the oven
d. the time of cooking
b. the cooked custard
Dependent variables are outcomes
Independent variables are what you mainpulate in your study
272
Statistics that let you draw probable conclusions beyond your immediate universe of data, are called:
a. descriptive statistics
b. inferential statistics
c. variable interest statistics
d. continous statistics
b. inferential statistics
inferential statistics are techniques that allow conclusions to extend beyond an immediate set; what is the probability that the results can be applied to a larger group; what can you infer from the results of your study
273
A performance objective should be based on:
a. review of the literature for the latest research
b. what the learner should know or be able to do
c. existing standards of practice
d. SWOT analysis
b. what the learner should know or be able to do
274
Which would be the best source of omega-3 fatty acids?
a. walnuts, flaxseed
b. tuna, cod
c. sardines, herring, mackerel
d. canola oil
c. sardines, herring, mackerel
275
When counseling an anorexic, the best advice is to:
a. be real strict in their food choices
b. be flexible and help them choose reasonable goals
c. provide a large variety of menu items
d. give them free rein with their intake
b. be flexible and help them choose reasonable goals
anorexia — an eating disorder characterized by an abnormally low body weight, an intense fear of gaining weight and a distorted perception of weight.
276
After you review the patients medical record, the first step in counseling is:
a. assess the patients nutritional status
b. collect all relevant data
c. establish a climate of trust
d. establish an overall evaluation plan for the patient
c. establish a climate of trust
277
ANOVA is used when:
a. several products compete against one another
b. comparing two similar products
c. testing whether results can be generalized to a larger group
d. testing whether the difference between the two groups is real
a. several products compete against one another
ANOVA- analysis of variance. tool used to evaluate validity.
- asks whether the difference between samples is areliable one that would be repeated
- used when several products compete against one another
- - compares the variance between groups with the variance within groups
- -answers; are there 1 or more significant differences ANYWHERE among the samples
278
If you measure a group before and after a treatment to see whether or not there has been a significant change, the study design is:
a. experimental
b. quasi-experimental
c. descriptive
d. qualitative
b. quasi-experimental
| no control group
279
The number of individuals in a population diagnosed with a specfic condition during a specified time is the:
a. prevalence
b. incidence
c. rate of the condition
d. duration of the condition
b. incidence
Incidence is the rate of new (or newly diagnosed) cases of the disease. It is generally reported as the number of new cases occurring within a period of time (e.g., per month, per year).
Prevalence is the actual number of cases alive, with the disease either during a period of time (period prevalence) or at a particular date in time (point prevalence).
280
Results of a three day food record were obtained in June and again three months later. What is this called?
a. validity
b. reliability
c. sensitivity
d. specificity
b. reliability
reliability- consistency or reproducibility of test results
281
Inferential statistics are associated with:
a. probability
b. mean
c. mode
d. graphs
a. probability
282
The statement "After class, the patient will be able to write a days menu following the guidelines" is..
a. goal
b. objective
c. plan
d. research hypothesis
b. objective
283
To determine the reading level of a text:
a. count the number of words with more than 1 syllable
b. count the number of paragraphs
c. count the average number of letters in the workds
d. count the number of sentences in a paragraph
a. count the number of words with more than 1 syllable
284
In a normal curve, what % of data falls between +1 and -1 standard deviation?
a. 52
b. 93
c. 35
d. 68
d. 68
285
The statement " This further shows daily weighing is an effective weight loss tool" should be placed in which section of the research report?
a. implications
b. results
c. analysis
d. methodology
a. implications
286
What reading level is appropriate for written materials for a population with low literacy skills?
a. 4th grade
b. 6th grade
c. 8th grade
d. 9th grade
6th grade
Reading level appropriate for the general population is: 8th grade
287
Which is the dependent variable?
a. leavening
b. storage days
c. volume
d. oven temperature
c. volume
Dependent variables are outcomes
Independent variables are what you mainpulate in your study
288
If there is no statisical difference between study groups, the hypothesis is:
a. negative
b. null
c. even
d. positive
b. null
289
A focus group contributes what data?
a. analytical
b. experimental
c. attitudinal
d. objective
c. attitudinal
290
An example of nominal (frequency) data is;
a. temperature
b. weight
c. differentiate between men and women
d. rank in class
c. differentiate between men and women
Nominal or categorical data is data that comprises of categories that cannot be rank ordered – each category is just different (example: male/female. The categories available cannot be placed in any order and no judgment can be made about the relative size or distance from one category to another.
291
Compared to whole milk, breast milk is:
a. higher in protein and fat, lower in carbohydrate
b. lower in protein, higher in carbohydrate and fat
c. lower in protein, carbohydrate and fat
d. has the same nutrient composition
a. higher in protein and fat, lower in carbohdrate
292
A patient relates a story to the RD. The RD says: "This happened to me too". This is:
a. reflection
b. clarification
c. attribution
d. self-disclosure
d. self-disclosure
293
An example of formative evaluation is:
a. IQ test
b. RD exam
c. Pretest quiz
d. comparative evaluation
c. pretest quiz
Method to evaluate educational outcomes: formative evaluation is made early or during course of education. helps to pinpoint parts mastered and parts not mastered
294
The lecture:
a. increases teacher-student involvement
b. is student oriented
c. reinforces material presented
d. provides the most material covered in a short time
d. provides the most material covered in a short time
295
A client says, " I want to change my eating habits" You ask why. The learning domain is:
a. affective
b. cognitive
c. psychomotor
d. psychoscocial
a. affective
| affective: acquistion of attitudes and values, growth in feelings or emotions
296
What is the best way to assess what a group of students has learned after diet instruction?
a. list their skills
b. have them explain their skills
c. have them demonstrate their skills
d. post-test on their skills
c. have them demonstrate their skills
297
At which step in the educational process do you bein evaluation?
a. assessment
b. planning
c. implementation
d. evaluation
a. assessment
298
An example of a survey with a negative correlation is:
a. when folic acid intake increases prior to pregnancy, the incidence of neural tube defects declines
b. when LDL increase, the rate of heart disease increases
c. when a person becomes more obese, their LDL levels likely rise
d. as the intake of peanut butter and potato chips increases, dental caries increase
a. when folic acid intake increases prior to pregnancy, the incidence of neural tube defects declines
negative correlation: the opposite. As one variable increases. the other decreases and vice versa
In a positive correlation , both variables move in the same direction.
299
When providing nutrition education to a pregnant teenager, which characteristic of adolescents should be kept in mind?
a. interested in planning for the future
b. responds more to emotional stimuli
c. desire to be like their peers
d. has well-defined self-image
c. desire to be like their peers
300
A new mother may hesitate to become involved with a breast-feeding informational program due to:
a. lack of funds
b. lack of social support
c. lack of knowledge about benefits
d. lack of medical care
b. lack of social support
301
A statement of affirmation in motivational interviewing would be:
a. "Taking a walk during your lunch hour shows how determined you are"
b. "I would like you to try to reudce portion sizes at dinner"
c. "Perhaps eating lunch away from your desk would be helpful"
d. "Try to increase your intake of fruits and vegetables"
a. "Taking a walk during your lunch hour shows how determined you are"
302
To estimate REE in normal weight and obese individuals, use:
a. Harris Benedict
b. Mifflin St. Jeor
c. BMR
d. indirect calorimetry
b. Mifflin St Jeor
303
Of the following oils, which is highest in vitamin E?
a. safflower
b. corn
c. cottonseed
d. olive
c. cottonseed
304
Water soluble nutrients are absorbed through:
a. active transport
b. simple diffusion
c. carrier-facilitated diffusion
d. inactive transport
c. carrier-facilitated diffusion
305
The two most abundant minerals in the body are:
a. zinc and chromium
b. calcium and zinc
c. iron and calcium
d. calcium and phosphorus
d. calcium and phosphorus
306
Increased plasma pyruvate is an indication of a :
a. riboflavin deficiency
b. thiamin deficiency
c. pyridoxine deficiency
d. iron deficiency
b. thiamin deficiency
307
A serum calcium level of 11.5 mg/dl will bring on a release of:
a. parathormone from the parathyroid gland
b. calcitonin from the thyroid glands
c. calcium
d. calcium-binding protein from the intestine
b. calcitonin from the thyroid glands
Needs: 8.5 to 10.3 mg/dL
Calcitonin is a hormone secreted by the thyroid gland that reduces the concentration of blood calcium level when it has risen to an above normal level.
308
A neonate at birth was at the 75th percentile for weight for age. At 6 months he appears healhy and was at the 60th percentile weight for age. This indicates:
a. he has a low caloric intake
b. he is experiencing normal growth
c. he may have protein-energy malnutrition
d. birth measurements were incorrect
b. he is experiencing normal growth
weight for age is NOT used to classify under/overweight.
short-term marker of growth
further evaluation needed if belwo 5th or above the 95th percentile
309
To determine whether your client has applied your suggestions on decreasing his fat intake, ask him to:
a. name a few foods that should be consumed infrequently
b. name four foods to avoid
c. list the foods he has consumer over the past three days
d. selct an appropriate breakfast from a menu
c. list the foods he has consumer over the past three days
310
BMI for age percentiles start at age:
a. 24 months
b. 36 months
c. 48 months
d. 5 years
a. 24 months (2years)
311
Pale conjuntivae is associated with a deficiency of:
a. vitamin C
b. vitamin D
c. zinc
d. iron
d. iron
312
A typical meal of a pregnant teenager consists of a hamburger, french fries and diet soda. Which of the following changes would be most beneficial?
a. substitute fresh vegetables for french fries
b. substitute a milkshake for diet soda
c. add fresh fruit to the meal
d. add another hamburger
b. substitute a milkshake for diet soda
313
Which of the following nonessential amino acids may be considered conditionally essential in catabolic stress such as heart failure?
a. arginine
b. asparagine
c. proline
d. leucine
a. arginine
L-glutamine and l-arginine are both conditionally essential amino acids. This means that although the body is able to produce them, during times of stress, (such as critical illness, trauma, catabolic stress such as heart failure, hemolysis, and GI disorders), the body may not produce enough.
L-arginine- Improves Heart Health. Research shows that L-arginine is beneficial for lowering inflammation and improving the health of the blood vessels and cardiovascular system, which is why oral arginine is one of the most popular supplements recommended by cardiologists.
Each of these amino acids is found in high amounts in dairy foods and meat, and both amino acids can be supplemented.
.
314
Cheilosis, stomatitis and a magenta tongue are signs of a:
a. riboflavin deficiency
b. niacin deficiency
c. thiamin deficiency
d. biotin deficiency
a. riboflavin deficiency (vitamin B2)
Sources: liver, kidney, meat, milk
M: 1.3 mg
F: 1.1 mg
315
When green vegetables begin to lose their color during serving, consider:
a. changing vendors or brands
b. decreasing holding time during heating
c. use different cooking equipment
d. changing the storage temperature
b. decreasing holding time during heating
316
In metabolic acidosis, which of the following is involved?
a. excretion of potassium
b. excess calcium retention
c. excretion of sodium bicarbonate
d. excess calcium loss
c. excretion of sodium bicarbonate
metabolic acidosis:
decrease in HCO3-
kidneys excrete excess base; uremia, diarrhea. The compensatory response is; respiration increases to expel carbon dioxide to decrease carbonic acid
317
Fats used in frying can become rancid due to the:
a. oxidation of unsaturated fats
b. uptake of oxyen at the point of saturation
c. removal of high-melting triglycerides
d. prolonged exposure to high temperatures
a. oxidation of unsaturated fats
318
At what age should children be measured standing up?
a. 6 months
b. 12 months
c. 18 months
d. 24 months
d. 24 months (2years)
319
What is normal weight gain during the first trimester?
a. 1-2 lbs
b. 2-5 lbs
c. 5-8 lbs
d. 8-10 lbs
b. 2-5 pounds
320
The breast-fed infant is drinking primarily colostrum for:
a. the first 24 hours
b. the first few days
c. 1-2 weeks
d. 3 months
b. the first few days
321
A normal pregnancy requires supplementation of:
a. iron
b. vitamin c, calcium iron
c. iron and folic acid
d. calcium and zinc
c. iron and folic acid
baby needs zinc for cell growth and for the production and functioning of DNA – the body's genetic blueprint. Getting enough zinc is especially important during pregnancy because there's so much rapid cell growth.
Your body uses iron to make hemoglobin, a substance in red blood cells that transports oxygen throughout your body. During pregnancy, your body supplies blood and oxygen to your baby, so the demand for iron goes up to keep up with the increase in blood supply.
322
Which hormone is involved in developing the placenta?
a. progesterone
b. estrogen
c. lactogen
d. testosterone
a. progesterone
323
Which supplements should you give to a breast-fed baby?
a. vitamin D and fluoride
b. fluoride
c. vitamin D
d. vitamins A and C
a. vitamin D and fluoride
324
Which of the following represents cows milk?
a. it creates a low renal solute load
b. high in iron, low in vitamin C
c. low in phosphorus, low in iron
d. it creates a high renal solute load
d. it creates a high renal solute load
The high protein, sodium, potassium, phosphorus and chloride content of cow’s milk present what is called a high renal solute load; this means that the unabsorbed solutes from the diet must be excreted via the kidneys.
three main reasons cows milk should not be given to infants: causes iron deficiency anemia, high renal solute load, place a strain on immature kidneys forcing them to draw water from the body thus increasing the risk of dehydration.
325
A child who is below the 5th percentile weight for height:
a. is tall for his age
b. has a condition inhibiting growth
c. may have experienced long term under-nutrition
d. may have experienced short term under-nutrition
d. may have experienced short term under-nutrition
326
A low birth weight infant weighs:
a. less than 2500 grams
b. between 500 and 1500 grams
c. between 3000 and 4000 grams
d. between 100 and 500 grams
a. less than 2500 grams
327
The treatment for hyperbilirubinemia is:
a. high calorie
b. high protein
c. high fluid
d. high fat
c. fluid
Causes of elevated levels of bilirubin in the blood can be caused by infections, viral hepatitis, anemia, genetic diseases, and liver problems. Symptoms of elevated bilirubin levels depend on the cause; however, jaundice is a common sign. Treatment for elevated bilirubin levels depend on the cause.
Fluids and other Considerations. Drinking plenty of fluids is also very important if you have jaundice. You should consume daily at least 1.2 liters, or eight glasses.
328
Which of the following weight gains puts pregnant women at risk?
a. less than 4 lbs/month in the last half of pregnancy
b. less than 5 lbs/month in the last half of pregnancy
c. less than 6 lbs/month in the last half of pregnancy
d. more than 2 lbs/month in the last half of pregnancy
a. less than 4 lbs/month in the last half of pregnancy
pregnant women gain 1 pound/month during the first 3 months of pregnancy, and 1 pound per week during the remainder of the pregnancy.
It is possible to achieve 1 pound per week by consuming an additional ~300 calories per day,
329
Which is the primary fuel used by resting muscle and at low intensity?
a. glucose
b. fatty acids
c. branch chain amino acids
d. keto-acids
b. fatty acids
