differentiated experiences of migration

Question 1

what kind of movement do elite migrants possess?

Answer 1

multidirectional

Question 2

example of a programme used to attract highly skilled ad wealthy migrants

Answer 2

UK coalition government legislation (2011)
high earners if £150,000+ exempted from the UKs immigration cap

Question 3

what type of citizenship to elite migrants possess?

Answer 3

flexible citizenship
public discourses are often hostile towards migrants however elite migrants are often exempt from this = don’t have this social barrier

Question 4

Ong (1999) suggested elite migrants posses a form of

Answer 4

cosmopolitanism

Question 5

how does Ong define cosmopolitanism?

Answer 5

an intellectual and aesthetic openness towards divergent cultural experiences
a personal ability to make their own way into other cultures through listening and reflection

Question 6

Yeoh and Huang (2011)
cosmopolitanism

Answer 6

looked at the profile of the perfect flexible citizen
used study of talent migration in singapore

found the ideal transnational as:
- no older than 35
- speaks more than 3 languages
- single and has no children
must be able to float effortlessly between cities

Question 7

describe contemporary Chinese transnationalism

Answer 7

largely middle class and upper class

emerged in the economic boom of the 1970s in pacific ocean

Acquired financial capital necessary to emigrate to north America and Oceania

Question 8

who are the main recieving countries of chinese transnationalism?

Answer 8

US, Canada, Australia, New Zealand

Question 9

who studied the profile of the perfect cosmopolitan

Answer 9

Yeoh and Huang (2011)

Question 10

Astronaut families and Sattelite kids study author ?

Answer 10

Walters (2003)

Question 11

what is a satellite kid?

Answer 11

parents back in home country whilst children in host country usually live with a sibling in house purchased by family
children go to school in host country

Question 12

what is an astronaut family?

Answer 12

man of the house the ‘astronaut’ leaves spouse and children in host country and then returns to asia for work - spends up to 3 months away

Question 13

study of vancouver sattelite families and sattelite kids demonstrate

Answer 13

contemporary articulation of transnationalism in vancouver, Canada

the desire to become a citizen in Canada not built on a need to sever ties with home country
large degree of strategizing

involved in the migration decisions = capital accumulation, cultural accumulation and secure alternate citizenship

Question 14

what did the walters study reveal abt gendered and age difference experiences of transnationalism?

Answer 14

there is an emphasis on the idea that the chinese diaspora remains united and mobile
this neglects the idea that some members of the community can become settled in host country and adopt certain aspects of their identity
e.g. women reported being able to go back into education and more time for themselves

Question 15

place making practices of chines transnational migrants example:

Answer 15

Monster homes in Vancouver Canada
- fragmented nature of the chinese diaspora in vancouver
large ostentatious homes are responsible for the rise in realestate prices - bought by transnational chinese
construction of these homes is seen as a symbol of the changing dynamics in Vancouvers neighbourhoods where traditional small town homes are being replaced by large expensive ones that cater to the global elite

Question 16

sending state strategies and elite mobility study

Answer 16

Ho (2006)

Question 17

what are diaspora strategies or sending state strategies?

Answer 17

aimed at preffessionals and buissness class immigrants = grown in popularity in countries where want to increase global competetiveness in the knowledge based economy
urge to attract the best and brightest to develop human capital
premised on ideas of citizenship and membership

Question 18

how are states utilising the diaspora through sensing state strategies?

Answer 18

governments are extening their right to govern beyond territorial confines

actively construct the diaspora as a means of fostering transnational ties that align with nationalist and economic agendas

Question 19

how do sending state strategies highlight the inequalities of migration practice?

Answer 19

diaspora strategies reinforce both economic hierachies and nationalist agendas that priviledge certain populations over others

criticized of being elitest

function as tools of identity formation, social stratification and political control

favour engineering and science buisneess proffessionals

can be seen as a strategisation of power that reinforces certain versions of development

Question 20

extraterritorial citizenship strategies challenge the ideas of the nation state by:

Answer 20

challenging the traditional territorial place based understanding of sovereignity

understandings instead of a networked imaginary of the scattered emigrant populations

Question 21

low skilled migrants and asylum seekers are seen as?

Answer 21

less desirable by contemporary states

Question 23

demand for low wage migrant workers is still there because…..

Answer 23

demographic trends- low population growth in the global north

Economic liberalisation - flexible and precarious work necessitates a more flexible labour force

poorly educated native ppl resist taking low paying jobs at the bottom of the occupational hierachy and well educated natives and skilled immagrants dominate the high wage jobs = leaves room in the market

Question 24

different ways to classify the legalities to low skilled labour migration:

Answer 24

controlled - official programmes = contract domestic workers

Uncontrolled = move as irregular, undocumented and unauthorised migrants

Question 25

describe the gender discrepancy in the low skilled migration phenomenon

Answer 25

48% of international migrants are women victimised labour low paid and low status low occupational mobility often in demand for care work - families outsource their domestic work to these migrant women and provide them very little freedom

Question 26

why do states prefer controlled temporary labour migration?

Answer 26

- emphasis on economic benefits for both states and migrants - prevent formation of diasporas - recruitment of young abled bodies - externalise the production of migrant labour

Question 27

example of the low paid migrant experience:

Answer 27

Agriculture workers in Canada: prevented from leaving their farms in Canada pay taxes but are excluded from the welfare system in Canada the right to have family brought over with them is continually facing more restriction = fragmented families

Question 28

how does the 1951 UN refugee convention define refugee?

Answer 28

any person who has well founded fear of persecution for reasons of race, religion, nationality , political opinion every person has a legal right to apply for asylum = when granted refugee status given similar rights to that of a citizen

Question 29

why has the UNs definition of refugee faced criticism?

Answer 29

- doesn't reference gender and rape based persecution (despite sex and gender based violence being used as a weapon in some civil wars currently across the world) - only considers the individual and not the entire family of this person

Question 30

why has their been a rise in anti refugee discourse?

Answer 30

- decline in human compassion for other people because a growing distance between people and the people that are suffering media catagorises people and allows ppl to switch off from the world when they would like dehumanising language 'cockroaches' Nationalism underpins the 'infection of our country' view criminalisation of refugees as thieves and scroungers

Question 31

example of ant refugee behaviours:

Answer 31

Guardian (2016) Middlesbrough Marking of doors of ppl who are refugees living in council houses with red doors Marks them out as targets despite multiple complaints councils will not change the doors marked out for attack

Question 32

how have contemporary shifts in ant refugee discourse impacted policy?

Answer 32

increasing the policing of frontiers the creation of material and spatial barriers creating buffer zones refugees are constructed as non-citizens exist in a liminal state

Question 33

what are encampments?

Answer 33

humanitarian spaces that treat refugees as victims often those who seek to assert their political agency lose their refugee status form of border control in response to a moral panic rise in the number of camps: in middle east and the global south

Question 34

in 2021 how many people were detained in the UK

Answer 34

24,000

Question 35

what is the purpose of detention facilities?

Answer 35

slowing down the application process - part of the border management dehumanising - stripped of independence act of immobilisation ad containment practice exclusion rationalised through the fear of unknown

Question 36

example of detainment?

Answer 36

detaining offshore asylum seekers in Australia: - used to exclude refugees from sovereign territory - pressures on governments to close these offshore centres as fear they are causing psychological distress the offshoring lengthens the physical distance between refugees and their rights to be a citizen = act of restriction and easier for others to ignore moral wrongdoing