Diffusion

Question 1

Meyer et al. (1992)

Answer 1

Emulation plays a role in global expansion of Mass schooling

Question 2

Ramirez et al. (1992)

Answer 2

Emulation in voting rights for women

Question 3

Wotipka and Tsutsui (2008)

Answer 3

Emulation in ratification of human rights treaties

Question 4

Koo and Ramirez (2009)

Answer 4

Emulation in establishment of national human rights institutions

Question 5

Baccini and Koenig-Archibugi (2014)

Answer 5

Emulation in adoption of ILO standards

Question 6

Jang (2000)

Answer 6

Emulation in creation of science and Education ministry

Question 7

Frank (1999)

Answer 7

Emulation in commitments to implement environmental policies

Question 8

Lee and Strang (2006)

Answer 8

found that countries learn from each other but that the learning process is heavily influenced by prior ‘theoretical’ expectations. Reductions in government employment by a trade partner or neighbour lead to reductions in the size of the public sector, whereas increases in government employment by the same partners or neighbours have negligible effects.

Question 9

Henisz et al. (2005)

Answer 9

examined the impact of domestic and international factors on the adoption of four elements of market-oriented institutional reform in the telecommunications and electricity industries of 71 countries between 1977 and 1999, found that countries that compete with each other in the same product markets tend to adopt similar market-oriented infrastructure reforms.

Question 10

Thatcher (2007)

Answer 10

found that regulatory competition was an important cause of the reform of French, German and Italian sectoral economic institutions in the areas of securities trading, telecommunications and airlines

Question 11

Olney (2013)

Answer 11

finds that, in developed (OECD) economies, FDI from the U.S. increases when governments reduce employment protections (rules regarding firing workers and rules on hiring temporary workers), and that governments reduce employment protections in response to reductions by their most direct competitors for FDI

Question 12

Davies and Vadlamannati (2013)

Answer 12

find evidence of a race to the bottom: a cut in labor standards in other countries reduces labor standards in the country in question. This competition effect affects both developed and developing countries, but it is strongest among developing countries with weak standards.

Question 13

Stiles (1990)

Answer 13

While many people would regard “loan conditionality” as an instance of coercion, others object that even an intrusive IO such as the IMF can be seen as not reducing the options available to governments, but adding to the existing set of options another one (IMF financing plus conditions) that the government is “free” to choose or not

Question 14

Torfason and Ingram (2010)

Answer 14

found that states that share IO membership with countries with higher levels of Polity scores tend to become more similar to their co-members in terms of levels of Polity scores

Question 15

Jetschke and Murray (2012)

Answer 15

Adoption of EU-like design features by ASEAN

Question 16

Alter (2012)

Answer 16

Global spread of European-style international courts

Question 17

Ovodenko and Keohane (2012)

Answer 17

International environmental governance

Question 18

Sommerer and Tallberg (2014)

Answer 18

Determine whether the increase in access is due to diffusion processes among IOs. The found significant evidence that IOs have increased their access in response to increases in access that occurred in other IOs. In other words, an important feature of IOs as polities, access for TNAs, has diffused across IOs.

Question 19

Weyland (2012)

Answer 19

Not only the content of political decision, but also ways of doing politics can spread across borders. A notable example from history is the 1848 revolutions in Europe. The revolutionary wave started in France and quickly spread to the Netherlands, German states, the Austrian empire, Polish and Hungarian territories, Italian states, and elsewhere. The protest of 1968, the Occupy movement of 2011 and the “Arab spring” are more recent examples.