DIg syst 2 Part 1 and 2 Flashcards

(49 cards)

1
Q

alimentary canal parts

A

foregut
midgut
hindgut

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2
Q

• Foregut

A

Cranial and caudal portion.

The cranial portion gives rise to the oral structures and the respiratory system.
The caudal portion gives rise to the liver, gall bladder, esophagus, stomach, pancreas and the cranial portion of the duodenum.

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3
Q

• Midgut

A

Gives rise to the caudal portion of the duodenum, hilum (part where the blood vessels and nerves enter an organ), cecum, ascending colon and half of the transverse colon.

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4
Q

• Hindgut

A

Gives rise to the other half of the transverse colon, rectum, anus, descending colon and part of the urogenital system.

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5
Q

• Mesentery

A

Fixes the digestive tube to the abdominal cavity, comes from the mesoderm

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6
Q

• Dorsal mesentery

A

Forms the greater curvature

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7
Q

• Ventral mesentery

A

Forms the lesser curvature

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8
Q

polygastric stomach

A

Birds and ruminants
the greater curvature gives rise to the rumen, a part of the abomasum and the reticulum. The lesser gives rise to a part of the abomasum and omasum.

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9
Q

Congenital disorders

A
Stenosis
Atresia
Umbilical hernia
Megaesophagus or megacolon
Urorectical fistula
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10
Q

Urorectical fistula

A

An abnormal communication between two structures. They can be Rectovesical (communication between rectum and urinary bladder), rectovestibular (communication between the rectum and the vagina) or rectourethral (communication between the rectum and the urethra)

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11
Q

Megaesophagus or megacolon

A

Abnormal widening of the esophagus or the colon

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12
Q

Umbilical hernia

A

Defect in the abdominal wall that allows passage of abdominal organs going through the defect and out.

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13
Q

Atresia

A

No development of an opening. Can be either anal atresia (no development of the anus) or rectal atresia (there is no communication between the rectum and urethra).

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14
Q

Stenosis

A

Narrowing of any digestive tube, leads to difficulties for food to pass this specific tract.

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15
Q

esophagus

A

muscular tube between the pharynx and the stomach. It starts at the cricoid cartilage of the larynx and ends at the cardia (beginning) of the stomach

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16
Q

three different curves:

A
  • Cranial curve of the esophagus
  • Entrance of the thoracic cavity
  • Over the base of the heart
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17
Q

three parts

A
  • Cervical portion = Neck part, dorsally to the trachea
  • Thoracic portion = Inside the thoracic cavity, inside the mediastinum
  • Abdominal portion = The shortest portion, goes from the diaphragm into the stomach.
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18
Q

3 different kinds of physiological stenosis on the esophagus

A
  • In the entrance of the thoracic cavity
  • Over the base of the heart
  • When it crosses the esophageal hiatus
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19
Q

Vascularization of

The esophagus

A

The esophagus is vascularized by the cranial and caudal thyroid artery (cervical portion of the esophagus). They are branches of the common carotid artery.

The thoracic portion is mainly vascularized by the bronco esophageal artery and a tiny portion is vascularized by the intercostal artery. All are branches from the thoracic aorta.

The abdominal portion is vascularized by the left gastric artery.

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20
Q

Innervation of the esophagus

A

vagus nerve and the vagosympathetic trunk

21
Q

• Interperitoneal organs

A

Organs fixed to the roof of the abdominal cavity by the visceral peritoneum. For example the intestines

22
Q

• Retroperitoneal organs•

A

Organs fixed to the dorsal surface of the abdominal cavity directly (not through the visceral peritoneum). For example the kidneys.

23
Q

peritoneum + 2part

A

sac surrounding the abdominal cavity

The parietal peritoneum surrounds the inner surface of the abdominal wall and the visceral peritoneum surrounds the abdominal organs. Between them we find the peritoneum cavity

24
Q

Monocavitary stomach

A

There is only one cavity. It can be classified further into:
- Simple: One type of mucosa, a glandular mucosa. Common in carnivores
• Compound: Two types of mucosa. Glandular and a tegementry mucosa, example in pigs and horses.
Tegementary mucosa has a mechanical function and glandular mucosa secretes HCl

25
Polycavity stomach
more than one cavity. Ruminants have 4 and birds 2.
26
Monogastric stomach (surface ,shape)
The parietal surface is cranial and looks into the diaphragm and liver The visceral surface is caudal and looks into the intestines The dorsal surface is the concave part with the lesser curvature The convex shape is the ventral part and is the greater curvature The cardia is the entrance of the stomach and to the left
27
pylorus
where the duodynum comes out and it’s on the right side. It has 2 portions, the pyloric antrum (wider portion) and the pyloric canal
28
fundus
highest point of the stomach contain air
29
angular notch | cardia notch
is between the cardia and the pylorus | between the cardia and the fundus
30
Closed pylorus
In . horses cannot puke
31
tegumenatary mucosa
around the cardia and it’s rough
32
glandular mucosa + parts
shiny and can be divided into three parts: • Cardiac • Fundic • Pyloric
33
Muscular layer
It can contract to mix the food. Outer there is a longitudinal layer and inner a circular layer. It’s responsible in forming the cardia sprinter
34
Serous layer
The outside of the stomach, same as visceral peritoneum
35
Arteries
* Celiac artery * Left gastric artery * Hepatic artery * Right gastric artery * Gastroduodenal artery * Right gastroepiploic artery * Cranial pancreatoduodenal artery * Splenic artery * Pancreatic artery * Left gastroepiploic artery
36
• Right gastroepiploic artery
Greater curvature and fuses with left gastroepiploic artery to form the major vascular circle
37
Veins
go to the portal vein and through the liver.
38
Innervation
Paraysmpathetic system: The vagus nerve | Sympathetic system: celiac and mesenteric plexus
39
Biirds stocmach
The Proventriculos (Cranial, glandular with mucosa) and the gizzard (caudal and mechanic)
40
rumiinants stomach
* Ruminants have 4 cavities: * 1st comes the rumen. It’s to the left and the biggest one. It has a ventral and a dorsal sac. It’s a non-glandular stomach. * 2nd comes Reticulum. It lies cranially and is a non-glandular stomach. * 3rd comes the omassum and it lies to the right and it is a non-glandular stomach. * 4th comes the abomasum, it lies ventrally and is a glandular stomach. The abomasum is called the “true stomach” and it is the biggest one in young animals because they suck so much milk.
41
Ruminal atrium + mucosa
where the Ruminal reticular opening is found and it lies cranial. Mucosas found are rumen papillae and non glandular mucosa
42
2nd stomach found
the reticulum. It lies cranially and has a spherical shape. It has non-glandular mucosa and is called the “honeycomb”. It has a mechanic function. Reguration – Throws up in the mouth, chews again, swallow again takes place from the reticulum. H2O, Na and fatty acids are absorbed here
43
The 3rd stomach found
the omassum. It’s on the right side and is really small. It has mechanical functions, and selects molecules. It sends the big one back and the small one forward. It contains a tegimentary mucosa.
44
4th and the true stomach
the abomasum. It has glandular mucosa and it secretes gastric juice. Esophagus doesn’t come here! It has the lesser and greater curvature
45
gastric groove
from the esophagus to the abomasum. It has 2 lips. The omentum: It’s 2 membranes, the omental bursa (a sac) surrounds all the abdominal organs, and in ruminants it goes from the left longitudinal groove. The lesser curvature has the lesser omentum. It fixes all the stomach.
46
Vascularization | The celiacomesenteriic trunk
``` The celiacomesenteric trunk contains the cranial mesenteric artery and the celiac artery. The celiac artery branches into: • Left gastric artery (omassum) • Left gastroepiploic artery • Hepatic artery • Hepatic branches • Right gastric artery • Gastroduodenal artery • Right gastroepiploic artery • Cranial pancreaticoduodenal artery • Splenic artery • Right Ruminal artery • Left Ruminal artery • Reticular artery ```
47
minor vascular circle of the abomasum
left and right gastric arteries
48
the left and right gastroepiploic arteries.
major vascular circle of the abomasum
49
Innervation polystomach
parasympathetic system: dorsal and ventral vagal trunk | Sympathetic system: celiac and mesenteric plexus