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Biology 3 - Animal Physiology > Digestiive System > Flashcards

Digestiive System Flashcards

1
Q

________ in food cannot be utilised by our body in their ORIGINAL form .

A

BIOMACROMOLECULES

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2
Q

In 1851 , ___ published a paper describing a structure located on the basilar membrane of the cochlea containing hair cells that convert sound vibrations into nerve impulses .

A

Alfonso corti

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3
Q

BIOMACROMOLECULES in our food have to be broken down into simple _______ forms . This is called digestion .

A

Absorbable

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4
Q

Digestion is carried out by our digestive system by _____and ____ method .

A

Mechanical

Biochemical

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5
Q

The human digestive system consists of the ____ and the ______.

A

Alimentary canal

Associated glands

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6
Q

The alimentary canal begins with the _____opening -the ____ and it opens _____ through the anuss .

A

Anterior
Mouth 👄
Posteriorly

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7
Q

The mouth leads to the ____ or _____.

A

Buccal cavity

Oral cavity

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8
Q

The _____cavity has a number of teeth .

A

Oral cavity

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9
Q

The oral cavity consists of ___and ____.

A

Teeth

muscular Tongue

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10
Q

Each tooth is embedded in a _____of ____.

A

Socket

Jaw bone 🦴

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11
Q

Each tooth is attached in a socket of jaw bone , this type of arrangement is called -

A

Thecodont

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12
Q

Majority of ______form 2 sets of teeth in their life .

A

Mammals including humans

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13
Q

The type of dentition in which a set of temp milk teeth or deciduous teeth is replaced by a set of permanent teeth or adult teeth , is called -

A

Diphyodont

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14
Q

An adult human has 32 permanent teeth which are of 4 diff teeth , this dentition is called -

A

Heterodont

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15
Q

Dental formula of an. Adult human teeth -

A

2123
——
2123

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16
Q

The hard chewing surface of teeth made up of _____ helps in the ______ of food .

A

Enamel

Mastication

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17
Q

The tongue is a _____ muscular organ attached to the _____ of ____ by the FRENULUM .

A

Freely movable
Floor
Oral cavity

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18
Q

The _____ surface of the tongue has small PROJECTIONS called ______

A

Upper

Papillae

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19
Q

Some ___bear taste buds .

A

Papillae

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20
Q

The oral cavity leads into a short _______.

A

Pharynx

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21
Q

___serves as a common passage for food and air .

A

Pharynx

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22
Q

The ___ and ____ open into the pharynx

A

Oesophagus

Trachea

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23
Q

A cartilaginous flap , EPIGLOTTIS prevents the entry of food 🥘 into the ______ during swallowing.

A

Glottis -opening of wind pipe (trachea )

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24
Q

The ______ is a thin tube extending posteriorly passing through the neck ,thorax and diaphragm .

A

Oesophagus

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25
Q

Oesophagus leads to a ___ shaped structure called stomach .

A

J

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26
Q

A muscular sphincter - _______ regulates the opening of oesophagus into the stomach .

A

Gastro-oesophageal sphincter

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27
Q

The stomach located in the _______ portion of the abdominal cavity .

A

Upper left

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28
Q

What are the parts of the stomach ?

A 
4
Cardiac -into which oesophagus opens 
Fundus -
Body -main central region 
Pyloric -opens into the intestines
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29
Q

_____ pat of stomach opens into the small intestines .

A

Pyrolic

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30
Q

Small intestine is distinguishable regions - a _____ shaped duodenum , middle ____ jejunum , and a _____ coiled ileum .

A

C
Long coiled
Highly

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31
Q

The opening of the stomach into the duodenum ids guarded by -

A

Pyloric sphincter

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32
Q

__ opens into the large intestines .

A

Ileum

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33
Q

Large intestine consists of ____,____and ____.

A

Caecum
Colon
Rectum

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34
Q

_____is a blind sac that hosts some _____ microorganisms .

A

Caecum

Symbiotic

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35
Q

A narrow finger-like tubular projection , the ______ which is a vestigial organ arises from the. ______.

A

Vermiform appendix

Caecum

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36
Q

The ___opens into the colon .

A

Caecum

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37
Q

The colon is divided into how many parts ,what ?

A 
4
Ascending colon
Transverse colon 
Descending colon 
Sigmoid colon
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38
Q

The _____ part of the large intestine opens into the rectum , which opens out through the anus .

A

Descending

not sigmoid -though it is the last part

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39
Q

The wal of the alimentary canal from ___ to _____ possesses 4 layers .

A

Oesophagus

Rectum

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40
Q

___ is the outermost layer of the alimentary canal and is made up of a _________ with some _______ .

A

Serosa
Thin mesothelium ( epithelium of visceral organs )
Connective tissue

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41
Q

___ is the epithelium of visceral organs ( like alimentary canal )

A

Mesothelium

In serosa

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42
Q

Muscularis layer is made up of ______ .

A

Smooth muscles .

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43
Q

The muscularis is layer has 2 parts : inner ____layer and outer ____layer .

A

Circular
Longitudinal
(An oblique muscle layer may be present in some regions )

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44
Q

An oblique muscle may be present in which layer of alimentary canal .

A

Muscularis

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45
Q

The sub-mucosal layer is formed of _____tissues containing __,_____and ____ .

A

Loose connective tissues
Nerves
Blood 🩸
lymph vessels

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46
Q

In duodenum , gland are present in the ________

A

Sub-mucosa

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47
Q

The innermost layer lining the lumen of the alimentary canal is the -

A

Mucosa

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48
Q

Which layer forms irregular folds in the stomach .

A

Mucosa

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49
Q

The mucosa forms irregular folds- ____ in the stomach and small finger-like foldings called - ____in the small intestine .

A

Rugae

Villi

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50
Q

The cells lining the villi produce numerous ,microscopic projections called _____ giving a ______appearance.

A

Microvilli

Brush-border

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51
Q

The villi and microvilli inc the ______ ENORMOUSLY .

A

SA

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52
Q

__ are supplied with a network of capillaries and the lacteal ( large lymph vessel )

A

Villi

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53
Q

Mucosal epithelium has ______ cells , which secrete mucus that help in lubrication .

A

Goblet

Mainly intestinal mucosa has goblet cells

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54
Q

Villi are supplied with _____ and _____.

A

Network of capillaries

Large lymph vessel -lacteal

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55
Q

______ also forms gland in the stomach .which gland ?

A

Mucosa

Gastric gland

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56
Q

Mucosa forms __ int he stomach and ____ in between the bases of villi in intestine .

A

Glands

Crypts ( crypts of lieberkuhn)

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57
Q

All the 4 layers show modifications in diff parts of the alimentary canal .T/F

A

T

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58
Q

____layer of alimentary canal has goblet cells .

A 
Mucosal epithelium
(Mainly intestinal mucosa has goblet cells )
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59
Q

__ hosts some symbiotic microorganisms 🦠 .

A

Caecum (not vermiform appendix - it is just a part of caecum )
(Caecum- 1st part of large intestine )

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60
Q

___ layer of alimentary canal is made of thin ,ESOTHELIUM

A

Serosa

With some connective tissue

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61
Q

____ layer is formed of loose connective tissue contain nerves ,blood ,lymph vessels .

A

Sub-Mucosa

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62
Q

In ______ glands are present in sub-mucosa

and mucosa forms glands in _____.

A

Duodenum

Stomach

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63
Q

The digestive glands associated with the alimentary canal include-

A

Salivary glands
Liver
Pancreas

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64
Q

Saliva is produced by ______of salivary glands .

A

3 pair

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65
Q

The __ glands are present in the cheek .(salivary )

A

Parotid

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66
Q

The ____are present in the LOWER JAW .(salivary glands)

A

Sub-maxillary/ sub-mandibular

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67
Q

The ______are present BELOW THE TONGUE .(salivary glands )

A

Sub-linguals

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68
Q

Where are the salivary glands situated ? Where do they secrete saliva ?

A

Just Outside the buccal cavity

Secrete salivary juice into the buccal cavity

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69
Q

_____ is the largest GLAND of the body weighing about _______ in an adult human .

A

Liver

1.2 -1.5 kg

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70
Q

Location of liver ?

A

In the abdominal cavity , just below the diaphragm

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71
Q

The liver has __ lobes .

A

2

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72
Q

The _____are the structural and functional units of liver containing ______ arranged in the form of ______.

A

Hepatic lobules
Hepatic cells
Cords

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73
Q

Each hepatic lobule is covered by a ________ sheath called ______.

A

Thin connective tissue sheath

Glisson’s capsule

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74
Q

The bile is secreted by the _____ cells and it passes through the _______ ducts to get stored in the gall bladder .

A

Hepatic

Hepatic

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75
Q

Bile is ____and ____ in a thin muscular sac -gall bladder .

A

Stored

Concentrated

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76
Q

The ______ duct along with ____ duct forms the common BILE DUCT .

A

Duct of gall bladder (CYSTIC DUCT )

Hepatic duct - from liver

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77
Q

The ____and ____duct open together into the DUODENUM as the COMMON ________ duct

A

Bile duct (common)
Pancreatic duct
Common HEPATO-PANCREATIC duct

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78
Q

The opening of HEPATO-PANCREATIC duct into the _____is guarded by the _____sphincter

A

Duodenum

Sphincter of ODDI

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79
Q

The pancreas is a _____organ situated btw the ____of the C-shaped duodenum

A

Compound(both exo and endo )

Limbs

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80
Q

What does the exo and endo crine parts of pancreas secrete -

A

Exocrine -alkaline pancreatic juice containing enzymes

Endocrine -hormones ,insulin, glucagon

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81
Q

The main functions performed by BUCCAL CAVITY -

A

2
Mastication of food
Facilitation of swallowing

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82
Q

The __and the ___ with the help of ___ , masticate and mix the food thoroughly .

A

Teeth 🦷
Tongue 👅
Saliva

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83
Q

MUCUS in SALIVA helps in ___and___ the masticated food particles into a BOLUS .

A

Lubricating

Adhering

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84
Q

The bolus is conveyed into the pharynx and then into the oesophagus by ___or ____ .

A

Swallowing

Deglutition

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85
Q

The bolus further passes through the oesophagus by successive waves of ____ called _____.

A

Muscular contractions

Peristalsis

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86
Q

The ___controls the passage of food into the stomach .

A

Gastro-oesophageal sphincter

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87
Q

The saliva secreted into the ORAL CAVITY contains ELECTROLYTES like ___,____,___ and __ .

A

Na +
K+
Cl-
HCO3-

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88
Q

The enzymes contained in SALIVA are -

A

salivary amylase

Lysozyme

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89
Q

The _____process of digestion is initiated in the oral cavity by the _____ action of salivary amylase .

A

Hydrolytic

Chemical

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90
Q

Salivary amylase is a _______enzyme whose ______action initiates digestion .

A

Carbohydrate splitting

Hydrolytic

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91
Q

About _____% of STARCH is hydrolysed in the oral cavity .

A

30%

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92
Q

Salivary amylase is active at a pH _______ present in the oral cavity.

A

6.8

Slightly acidic

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93
Q

____present in the saliva acts as an antibacterial agent that prevents infections .

A

Lysozyme

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94
Q

About 30 % starch is hydrolysed in the oral cavity by salivary amylase (optimum pH6.8 ) into a _____-____ .

A

Disaccharide

Maltose

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95
Q

The ______of stomach has GASTRIC GLANDS

A

Mucosa

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96
Q

Gastric glands have how many major types of cells ? Name them -

A

3
Mucus neck cells.
Peptic/chief cells
Parietal /oxyntic cells

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97
Q

______cells of the gastric gland secrete MUCUS .

A

Mucus neck cells

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98
Q

Peptic cells of gastric glands of stomach secrete ______ .

A

Proenzyme pepsinogen

Gastric lipase

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99
Q

Parietal cells of gastric gland in the stomach secrete ____and_____.

A 
HCL
Intrinsic factor (responsible for absorption of vit B12)
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100
Q

Proenzyme pepsinogen is secreted by _____ cells .

A

Peptic / chief

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101
Q

Factor essential for the absorption of B12 is secreted by -

A

Oxyntic /parietal cells of gastric glands

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102
Q

The stomach stores the food for ______ hours .

A

4-5

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103
Q

The food mixes thoroughly with the ______ of the stomach by the ____ movement of its ___walls and is called the CHYME .

A

Acidic gastric juice
Churning
Muscular walls

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104
Q

The _____on exposure to HCL gets converted to the active enzyme PEPSIN of the ______.

A

Proenzyme pepsinogen

Stomach (pepsin is the active enzyme of the stomach )

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105
Q

Pepsin coverts ___into _and _____.

A

Proteins
Proteoses
Peptones(peptides)

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106
Q

The ____and _____in the gastric juice play an imp role in lubrication and protection of the mucosal epithelium (from highly conc HCL)

A

Mucus

Bicarbonates

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107
Q

HCL provides ____ pH optimal for ____.

A

Acidic =pH 1.8

Pepsins

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108
Q

Rennin is a _____enzyme found in the __of infants which helps in the digestion of milk proteins .

A

Proteolytic (protein breaking )

Gastric juice

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109
Q

What is the function of mucus and bicarbonates in the GASTRIC JUICE ?

A

Imp role in lubrication , and protection of the mucosal epithelium from excoriation by the highly conc HCL.

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110
Q

Small amounts of _____are also secreted by the gastric glands .

A

Lipases

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111
Q

Various types of movements are generated by the ___layer of the small intestines .

A

Muscularis

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112
Q

The __, ____ and ____are the are the secretions released into the SMALL INTESTINES .

A

BILE
Pancreatic juice
Intestinal juice

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113
Q

Give a brief account of the process of digestion taking place in the STOMACH -

A

HCl concerts proenzyme pepsinogen into pepsin
Pepsin converts proteins into proteoses and peptones(peptides )
Rennin is the proteolytic (similar to pepsin ) in infants
Lipases are also present here

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114
Q

____and ___ are released through the HEPATOPANCREATIC DUCT in the small intestines ( duodenum ).

A

Pancreatic juice

Bile

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115
Q

The pancreatic juice (released into the duodenum ) contains INACTIVE enzymes - ______________

A 
6
Trypinogen
Chymotrypsinogen
PROCARBOXYPEPTIDASE
Amylases
Lipases
Nucleases
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116
Q

The pancreatic juice has ______enzymes .(active/inactive )

A

Inactive

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117
Q

_____is activated by an enzyme ENTEROKINASE secreted by ______.

A

Trypsinogen

Intestinal mucosa

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118
Q

Types in is converted into its active form ,which is ______ (by enterokinase ) which in turn activates other enzymes present in the ______.

A

Trypsin
Pancreatic juice
(Trypsinogen—->trypsin—>activates other enzymes )
This takes place in the small intestines (duodenum )

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119
Q

ENTEROKINASE is secreted by the ______.

A

Intestinal mucosa

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120
Q

The bile released into the DUODENUM contains ______,____,____and _____ .

A

Bile pigments (bilirubin ,biliverdin)
Bile salts
Cholesterol
Phospholipids

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121
Q

Bile secreted into duodenum (through hepaatopancretic duct ) does not contain _____

A

Enzymes

Bile has no enzymes

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122
Q

Function of bile -

A

1) Helps in emulsification of fats ( breakdown of fats into small micelles )
2) Activates LIPASES

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123
Q

___activates lipases in the small intestines (duodenum )

A

Bile

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124
Q

Emulsification of fats is the breakdown of fats into ___

A

Small micelles

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125
Q

The _________has GOBLET CELLS.

A

INTESTINAL MUCOSA

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126
Q

In the intestine , __cells secrete mucus , and in the stomach ____cells secrete mucus .

A 
Goblet cells (in the mucosal epithelium of intestines)
Mucus neck cells ( in the mucosa of stomach )
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127
Q

The secretions of the brunch-border cells of the mucosa along with the secretions of the GOBLET CELLS constitute ______.

A

Intestinal juice /succus entericus

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128
Q

What constitutes the intestinal juice/succus entericus ?

A

Secretions of brush border cells of mucosa +secretions of goblet cells (of mucosa )

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129
Q

Which enzymes does succus entericus contain ?

A 
Variety of enzymes like-
Disaccharidases (maltase)
Dipeptidases
Lipases 
Nucleosidases
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130
Q

The functions of MUCUS and BICARBONATES in the small intestines -

A

1) Protect the intestinal mucosa from acid

2) provide an alkaline medium (pH 7.8)for enzymatic activities

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131
Q

The bicarbonates released into the small intestines ( to provide alkalinity ) are from -

A

Pancreas

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132
Q

Which pH does mucus and bicarbonates provide in the small intestines ?

A

Alkaline - pH 7.8

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133
Q

____ ,____and __ provide the intestinal mucosa from acid and also provide alkalinity (pH7.8) .

A

MUCUS
Bicarbonates
BRUNNER’S GLAND (sub-mucosal )

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134
Q

A SUB-MUCOSAL gland which functions along with mucus and bicarbonates -

A

BRUNNER’S gland

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135
Q

____,__and __Are partially hydrolysed proteins in the chyme .

A

Proteins
Proteoses
Peptones

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136
Q

Partially hydrolysed proteins reaching the small intestines are acted upon by the _____enzymes of _____.

A 
Proteolytic enzymes (protein breaking )
PANCREATIC JUICE 🥤
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137
Q

Partially hydrolysed proteins (proteins ,proteoses and peptones ) are converted to ____ in the ______ .

A

diPeptides

Small intestines

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138
Q

Proteins ,peptones and proteoses are converted to diPeptides in the small intestine by the action of which enzymes ?

A

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
CARBOXYPEPTIDASE
(1st of all , enterokinase converted trypsinogen into active trypsin , thin trypsin further converted chymotyrpsinogen and procarboxypeptidase into ACTIVE chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase )

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139
Q

Carbohydrates in the chyme are hydrolysed by ________ into _____.

A

Pancreatic amylase
Disaccharides
(In the small intestines )

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140
Q

In the __,fats are broken down by ___with the help of ___ into DI and MONO -GLYCERIDES .

A

Small intestines
Lipases
Bile

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141
Q

Is any amount of fat digested in the stomach also ?

A

Lipases are present in the stomach, but not bile

So maybe some of it is partially hydrolysed*

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142
Q

Fats are broken down into __and ___ in the small intestines .

A

Di-glycerides
Mono-glycerides
(By the action of lipase along with bile )

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143
Q

What role does AMYLASE play in the small intestines ?

A

It converts polysaccharides(starch) into disaccharides (maltose )
It plays almost the same role as it does in the mouth

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144
Q

______ in the pancreatic juice act on NUCLEIC ACIDS to form _____and _____ .(in small intestines )

A

Nucleases
Nucleotides
Nucleosides

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145
Q

Does the small intestine secrete any enzyme or al enzymes i it come from pancreas ?

A

Both
Intestinal juice And Pancreatic juice both act in the small intestines
(After the pancreatic juices have acted on the chyme , the succus entericus plays its part and acts on the breakdown products of the enzymes of pancreatic juices )

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146
Q

The enzymes in the ______ act on the end products of the rxns catalysed by pancreatic enzymes (amylase ,lipase ,nucleases ,trypsin ,chymotypsin and carboxypaptidase )to form the respective simple ___forms .

A

Succus entericus

Absorbable

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147
Q

What are the final steps in digestion ?

A

Rxns catalysed by enzymes of succus entericus (dipeptidase , maltase , lactase , nucleotidases ,nucleosidases ,sucrose ,lactase

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148
Q

The final steps in digestion occur very close to the ______ of the _____ .

A

Mucosal epithelial cells

Intestine

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149
Q

The breakdown of the BIOMACROMOLECULES ( by the enzymes of the succus entericus , the final steps of digestion ) occur in the ___region of the small intestines .

A

Duodenum

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150
Q

The simple substances formed in the last steps of digestion in the duodenum region are absorbed in the ____and ____ regions of the small intestines .

A

Jejunum

Ileum

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151
Q

In the final steps of digestion (in duodenum) , DIPEPTIDES are converted to _____by ___ .

A

Amino acids

Dipeptidases (ofsuccus entericus )

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152
Q

Maltose(disaccharide )formed from starch (polysaccharide ) is converted to ________ by _____ in the last step .

A

Glucose+glucose

Maltase ( of succus entericus )

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153
Q

Lactose is converted to __ and ___ by the action of enzymes of_____.

A

Glucose
Galactose
Intestinal juice ( succus entericus )—- lactase

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154
Q

Sucrose left is finally converted to _____and ____ by ____.

A

Glucose
Fructose
Sucrase (of succus entericus )

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155
Q

In the final steps of digestion occurring in the duodenum , NUCLEOTIDES are converted to ______ by ______ , which are in turn converted to ____ by______.

A

Nucleosides
Nucleotidases
Sugars+bases
Nucleosidases

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156
Q

The final product of nucleic acids is -

A

Sugars + bases
Nucleic acids ————>nucleotides and nucleosides (pancreatic juice-nucleases )
Nucleotides ————> nucleosides——> sugars+bases (intestinal juice -nucleotidases,nucleosidases)

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157
Q

No significant digestive activity occurs in the large intestines .T/F

A

T

158
Q

Functions of large intestines -

A

1) absorption of some water , minerals and certain drugs

2) secretion of mucus (which helps in adhering the waste-undigested together and lubrications it for easy passage )

159
Q

Drugs are absorbed in the -

A

Large intestines

160
Q

The undigested , unabsorbed substances enter into the CAECUM through the ______which prevents back flow of faecal matter .

A

ILeo-caecal VALVE

161
Q

The faecal matter are temporarily stored in the _____till defaecation .

A

Rectum

162
Q

The activities of GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT are under __and ___control for proper coordination .

A

Hormonal

Neural

163
Q

the muscular movements of diff parts of the alimentary canal can also be moderated by NEURAL MECHANISM ,both _____and through ___.

A

Local

CNS

164
Q

Hormonal control of the secretion of digestive juices is carried out by ____hormones produced by ___ and ____ .

A

Local
Gastric mucosa
Intestinal mucosa

165
Q

The sight ,smell or the presence of food in ORAL CAVITY can stimulate the secretion of saliva .T/F

A

T

Under neural control , similar to gastric and intestinal secretions

166
Q

Gross calorific value of carbs-

A

4.1 kcal/g

167
Q

Gross calorific value of proteins -

A

5.65 kcal/g

168
Q

Gross calorific value of fats -

A

9.45 kcal/g

169
Q

Physiological value of carbs -

A

4 kcal/g

170
Q

Physiological value of proteins -

A

4.0 kcal/g

171
Q

Physiological value of fats-

A

9.0 kcal/g

172
Q

Absorption is the process by which the end products of digestion pass through the ______into the ____or____ .

A

Intestinal mucosa
Blood
Lymph

173
Q

Absorption of food is carried out by __,___ or ____ mechanisms .

A

Active transport
Passive transport
Facilitated transport

174
Q

SMALL AMOUNTS of monosaccharides ,like GLUCOSE ,AMINO ACIDS and some electrolytes (like CHLORIDE IONS ) are generally absorbed by -

A

Simple diffusion *

175
Q

The passage of monosaccharides (glucose, aa ) and some electrolytes(Cl-) depends on ________. Why?

A

Conc gradients

Becoz they are absorbed by simple diffusion

176
Q

Some substances like __and ___Are absorbed with the help of CARRIER PROTEINS .

A

Glucose

Amino acids

177
Q

Glucose is mainly absorbed through the process of -

A

Facilitated diffusion ( carrier proteins )

178
Q

Amino acids are mainly absorbed into the blood by -

A

Facilitated transport (carrier proteins)

179
Q

Transport of water depends upon the _____ .

A

Osmotic gradient

180
Q

Various nutrients like amino acids, monosaccharides like glucose ,electrolytes like Na+ are absorbed into the blood by -

A

Active transport

181
Q

Glucose and amino acids are absorbed by how many mechanisms -

A

Passive transport -small amount
Active transport -various
Facilitated -some

182
Q

Electrolytes like Na+ are absorbed into the blood stream by -

A

Active transport

183
Q

____and __being insoluble cannot be absorbed into the blood .

A

Fatty acids

Glycerol

184
Q

Fatty acids and glycerol (for absorption)are first incorporated into small droplets called _____ which move into the _____.

A

Micelles

Intestinal mucosa

185
Q

fatty acids and glycerol are first incorporated into micelles and then RE-FORMED into very small ______ .

A

Protein coated fat globules -chylomicrons

186
Q

_______are transported into the lymph vessels (LACTEALS) in the villi .

A

Chylomicrons

187
Q

What are chylomicrons ?

A

Very small protein -coated fat globules

Final products of fatty acids and glycerol , which are transported into lacteals in the villi

188
Q

Chylomicrons are transported into the _____ in the ____ .

A

Lymph vessels -lacteals

Villi

189
Q

Micelles are transported into lacteals .T/F

A

F

190
Q

The ___ultimately release the absorbed substances (of chylomicrons {fatty acids and glycerol}) into the _______ .

A

Lymph vessels

Blood stream

191
Q

____of substances takes place in diff parts of the alimentary canal like mouth ,stomach, small intestine and large intestine .

A

Absorption

192
Q

Maximum absorption takes place in the _____.

A

Small intestine

193
Q

Certain drugs coming in contact with the ___of __and _____ of ____ are absorbed into the blood capillaries lining them .

A 
Mucosa 
Mouth 👄 
Lower side 
Tongue 👅 
(some amt of Drugs are absorbed in the mouth )
194
Q

Alcohol is absorbed in the ____.

A

Stomach

195
Q

Absorption of water ,simple sugars and alcohol takes lace here -

A

Stomach

196
Q

Principle organ for the ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS is-

A

Small intestine

197
Q

The digestion is completed here and the fall products of digestion such as glucose ,fructose ,fatty acids ,glycerol and amino acids are absorbed through the mucosa into the blood stream and lymph -

A

Small intestine

198
Q

Absorption of water ,some minerals and drugs takes place here -

A

Large intestine

199
Q

The absorbed substances finally reach the tissues which utilise them for their activities . This is called -

A

Assimilation

200
Q

The egestion of faeces to the outside through defaecation is a ___process and is carried out by a ___movement .

A

Voluntary

Mass peristaltic

201
Q

The __of intestinal tract is the most common ailment due to BACTERIAL or VIRAL infections .

A

Inflammation

202
Q

The infection of intestinal tract are also caused by the parasites of intestine like -

A 
Tapeworm 
Roundworm 
Threadworm 
Bookworm
Pinworm
203
Q

In jaundice , the ____is affected .

A

Liver

204
Q

In jaundice , the liver is affected , ____ and __turn yellow due to _____.

A

Skin
Eyes
Deposition of bile pigments

205
Q

Ejection of __ contents through the mouth is called VOMITING .

A

Stomach contents

206
Q

Vomiting is a _____ action controlled by the _____centre in the _____.

A

Reflex
Vomit centre
Medulla

207
Q

The abnormal frequency of bowel movements and increased liquidity of faecal discharge is known as ___.

A

Diarrhoea

208
Q

______ reduces the absorption of food .

A

Diarrhoea

209
Q

In constipation , the faeces are retained within the ____ .

A

Colon

210
Q

Why are faeces retained in the colon during constipation ?

A

As the bowel movements occur irregularly

211
Q

In ____ , the food is not digested properly leading to a feeling of FULLNESS .

A

Indigestion

212
Q

What are the causes of indigestion ?

A

1) Inadequate enzyme secretion
2) Anxiety
3) Food poisoning
4) Over eating
5) Spicy food

213
Q

Dietary deficiencies of proteins and total food calories are widespread in many underdeveloped countries of ___,___and ____ .

A

South and south-east ASIA
South America
West and central Africa

214
Q

_____ may affect large sections of population during drought , famine and political turmoil .

A

PEM

215
Q

PEM happened in ___ during the liberation war and in ___ during the severe drought in MID-EIGHTIES .

A

Bangladesh 🇧🇩

Ethiopia 🇪🇹

216
Q

___ is produced by the simultaneous deficiency of proteins and calories .

A

Marasmus

217
Q

Marasmus if found in ___ , if mother’s milk is replaced too early by other foods which are poor in both proteins and calorific value .

A

Infants 👶 -less than a year in age

218
Q

When is mother’s milk replaced by other foods which ultimately leads to marasmus ?

A

If the mother has 2nd pregnancy 🤰 or childbirth when the older infant is still too young .

219
Q

In Marasmus , PROTEIN DEFICIENCY impairs __and ____.

A

growth

replacement of tissue proteins

220
Q

What are the symptoms of MARASMUS -

A

Extreme emancipation of the body
Thinning of limbs
Skin becomes dry ,thin and wrinkled
Growth rate and body weight decline considerably
Growth and development of brain 🧠 and mental faculties are impaired

221
Q

Kwashiorkor is caused by ___.

A

Protein deficiency only

222
Q

Kwashiorkor is caused by _____deficiency unaccompanied by ____ deficiency .

A

Protein

Calorie

223
Q

Kwashiorkor is caused in a child _______.

A

More than one year in age

224
Q

What is the cause of kwashiorkor ?

A

Replacement of mother’s milk by HIGH CALORIE -LOW PROTEIN diet in a child less than 1 year .

225
Q

What are the symptoms of kwashiorkor which are like marasmus -

A

Wasting of muscles
Thinning of limbs
Failure of growth and brain development

226
Q

Symptoms of kwashiorkor ,which are unlike marasmus -

A

Some fat is still left under the skin
Extensive oedema
Swelling of body parts

227
Q

The digestive glands associated with the alimentary canal include-

A

Salivary glands
Liver
Pancreas

228
Q

Saliva is produced by ______of salivary glands .

A

3 pair

229
Q

The __ glands are present in the cheek .(salivary )

A

Parotid

230
Q

The ____are present in the LOWER JAW .(salivary glands)

A

Sub-maxillary/ sub-mandibular

231
Q

The ______are present BELOW THE TONGUE .(salivary glands )

A

Sub-linguals

232
Q

Where are the salivary glands situated ? Where do they secrete saliva ?

A

Just Outside the buccal cavity

Secrete salivary juice into the buccal cavity

233
Q

_____ is the largest GLAND of the body weighing about _______ in an adult human .

A

Liver

1.2 -1.5 kg

234
Q

Location of liver ?

A

In the abdominal cavity , just below the diaphragm

235
Q

The liver has __ lobes .

A

2

236
Q

The _____are the structural and functional units of liver containing ______ arranged in the form of ______.

A

Hepatic lobules
Hepatic cells
Cords

237
Q

Each hepatic lobule is covered by a ________ sheath called ______.

A

Thin connective tissue sheath

Glisson’s capsule

238
Q

The bile is secreted by the _____ cells and it passes through the _______ ducts to get stored in the gall bladder .

A

Hepatic

Hepatic

239
Q

Bile is ____and ____ in a thin muscular sac -gall bladder .

A

Stored

Concentrated

240
Q

The ______ duct along with ____ duct forms the common BILE DUCT .

A

Duct of gall bladder (CYSTIC DUCT )

Hepatic duct - from liver

241
Q

The ____and ____duct open together into the DUODENUM as the COMMON ________ duct

A

Bile duct (common)
Pancreatic duct
Common HEPATO-PANCREATIC duct

242
Q

The opening of HEPATO-PANCREATIC duct into the _____is guarded by the _____sphincter

A

Duodenum

Sphincter of ODDI

243
Q

The pancreas is a _____organ situated btw the ____of the C-shaped duodenum

A

Compound(both exo and endo )

Limbs

244
Q

What does the exo and endo crine parts of pancreas secrete -

A

Exocrine -alkaline pancreatic juice containing enzymes

Endocrine -hormones ,insulin, glucagon

245
Q

The main functions performed by BUCCAL CAVITY -

A

2
Mastication of food
Facilitation of swallowing

246
Q

The __and the ___ with the help of ___ , masticate and mix the food thoroughly .

A

Teeth 🦷
Tongue 👅
Saliva

247
Q

MUCUS in SALIVA helps in ___and___ the masticated food particles into a BOLUS .

A

Lubricating

Adhering

248
Q

The bolus is conveyed into the pharynx and then into the oesophagus by ___or ____ .

A

Swallowing

Deglutition

249
Q

The bolus further passes through the oesophagus by successive waves of ____ called _____.

A

Muscular contractions

Peristalsis

250
Q

The ___controls the passage of food into the stomach .

A

Gastro-oesophageal sphincter

251
Q

The saliva secreted into the ORAL CAVITY contains ELECTROLYTES like ___,____,___ and __ .

A

Na +
K+
Cl-
HCO3-

252
Q

The enzymes contained in SALIVA are -

A

salivary amylase

Lysozyme

253
Q

The _____process of digestion is initiated in the oral cavity by the _____ action of salivary amylase .

A

Hydrolytic

Chemical

254
Q

Salivary amylase is a _______enzyme whose ______action initiates digestion .

A

Carbohydrate splitting

Hydrolytic

255
Q

About _____% of STARCH is hydrolysed in the oral cavity .

A

30%

256
Q

Salivary amylase is active at a pH _______ present in the oral cavity.

A

6.8

Slightly acidic

257
Q

____present in the saliva acts as an antibacterial agent that prevents infections .

A

Lysozyme

258
Q

About 30 % starch is hydrolysed in the oral cavity by salivary amylase (optimum pH6.8 ) into a _____-____ .

A

Disaccharide

Maltose

259
Q

The ______of stomach has GASTRIC GLANDS

A

Mucosa

260
Q

Gastric glands have how many major types of cells ? Name them -

A

3
Mucus neck cells.
Peptic/chief cells
Parietal /oxyntic cells

261
Q

______cells of the gastric gland secrete MUCUS .

A

Mucus neck cells

262
Q

Peptic cells of gastric glands of stomach secrete ______ .

A

Proenzyme pepsinogen

Gastric lipase

263
Q

Parietal cells of gastric gland in the stomach secrete ____and_____.

A 
HCL
Intrinsic factor (responsible for absorption of vit B12)
264
Q

Proenzyme pepsinogen is secreted by _____ cells .

A

Peptic / chief

265
Q

Factor essential for the absorption of B12 is secreted by -

A

Oxyntic /parietal cells of gastric glands

266
Q

The stomach stores the food for ______ hours .

A

4-5

267
Q

The food mixes thoroughly with the ______ of the stomach by the ____ movement of its ___walls and is called the CHYME .

A

Acidic gastric juice
Churning
Muscular walls

268
Q

The _____on exposure to HCL gets converted to the active enzyme PEPSIN of the ______.

A

Proenzyme pepsinogen

Stomach (pepsin is the active enzyme of the stomach )

269
Q

Pepsin coverts ___into _and _____.

A

Proteins
Proteoses
Peptones(peptides)

270
Q

The ____and _____in the gastric juice play an imp role in lubrication and protection of the mucosal epithelium (from highly conc HCL)

A

Mucus

Bicarbonates

271
Q

HCL provides ____ pH optimal for ____.

A

Acidic =pH 1.8

Pepsins

272
Q

Rennin is a _____enzyme found in the __of infants which helps in the digestion of milk proteins .

A

Proteolytic (protein breaking )

Gastric juice

273
Q

What is the function of mucus and bicarbonates in the GASTRIC JUICE ?

A

Imp role in lubrication , and protection of the mucosal epithelium from excoriation by the highly conc HCL.

274
Q

Small amounts of _____are also secreted by the gastric glands .

A

Lipases

275
Q

Various types of movements are generated by the ___layer of the small intestines .

A

Muscularis

276
Q

The __, ____ and ____are the are the secretions released into the SMALL INTESTINES .

A

BILE
Pancreatic juice
Intestinal juice

277
Q

Give a brief account of the process of digestion taking place in the STOMACH -

A

HCl concerts proenzyme pepsinogen into pepsin
Pepsin converts proteins into proteoses and peptones(peptides )
Rennin is the proteolytic (similar to pepsin ) in infants
Lipases are also present here

278
Q

____and ___ are released through the HEPATOPANCREATIC DUCT in the small intestines ( duodenum ).

A

Pancreatic juice

Bile

279
Q

The pancreatic juice (released into the duodenum ) contains INACTIVE enzymes - ______________

A 
6
Trypinogen
Chymotrypsinogen
PROCARBOXYPEPTIDASE
Amylases
Lipases
Nucleases
280
Q

The pancreatic juice has ______enzymes .(active/inactive )

A

Inactive

281
Q

_____is activated by an enzyme ENTEROKINASE secreted by ______.

A

Trypsinogen

Intestinal mucosa

282
Q

Types in is converted into its active form ,which is ______ (by enterokinase ) which in turn activates other enzymes present in the ______.

A

Trypsin
Pancreatic juice
(Trypsinogen—->trypsin—>activates other enzymes )
This takes place in the small intestines (duodenum )

283
Q

ENTEROKINASE is secreted by the ______.

A

Intestinal mucosa

284
Q

The bile released into the DUODENUM contains ______,____,____and _____ .

A

Bile pigments (bilirubin ,biliverdin)
Bile salts
Cholesterol
Phospholipids

285
Q

Bile secreted into duodenum (through hepaatopancretic duct ) does not contain _____

A

Enzymes

Bile has no enzymes

286
Q

Function of bile -

A

1) Helps in emulsification of fats ( breakdown of fats into small micelles )
2) Activates LIPASES

287
Q

___activates lipases in the small intestines (duodenum )

A

Bile

288
Q

Emulsification of fats is the breakdown of fats into ___

A

Small micelles

289
Q

The _________has GOBLET CELLS.

A

INTESTINAL MUCOSA

290
Q

In the intestine , __cells secrete mucus , and in the stomach ____cells secrete mucus .

A 
Goblet cells (in the mucosal epithelium of intestines)
Mucus neck cells ( in the mucosa of stomach )
291
Q

The secretions of the brunch-border cells of the mucosa along with the secretions of the GOBLET CELLS constitute ______.

A

Intestinal juice /succus entericus

292
Q

What constitutes the intestinal juice/succus entericus ?

A

Secretions of brush border cells of mucosa +secretions of goblet cells (of mucosa )

293
Q

Which enzymes does succus entericus contain ?

A 
Variety of enzymes like-
Disaccharidases (maltase)
Dipeptidases
Lipases 
Nucleosidases
294
Q

The functions of MUCUS and BICARBONATES in the small intestines -

A

1) Protect the intestinal mucosa from acid

2) provide an alkaline medium (pH 7.8)for enzymatic activities

295
Q

The bicarbonates released into the small intestines ( to provide alkalinity ) are from -

A

Pancreas

296
Q

Which pH does mucus and bicarbonates provide in the small intestines ?

A

Alkaline - pH 7.8

297
Q

____ ,____and __ provide the intestinal mucosa from acid and also provide alkalinity (pH7.8) .

A

MUCUS
Bicarbonates
BRUNNER’S GLAND (sub-mucosal )

298
Q

A SUB-MUCOSAL gland which functions along with mucus and bicarbonates -

A

BRUNNER’S gland

299
Q

____,__and __Are partially hydrolysed proteins in the chyme .

A

Proteins
Proteoses
Peptones

300
Q

Partially hydrolysed proteins reaching the small intestines are acted upon by the _____enzymes of _____.

A 
Proteolytic enzymes (protein breaking )
PANCREATIC JUICE 🥤
301
Q

Partially hydrolysed proteins (proteins ,proteoses and peptones ) are converted to ____ in the ______ .

A

diPeptides

Small intestines

302
Q

Proteins ,peptones and proteoses are converted to diPeptides in the small intestine by the action of which enzymes ?

A

Trypsin
Chymotrypsin
CARBOXYPEPTIDASE
(1st of all , enterokinase converted trypsinogen into active trypsin , thin trypsin further converted chymotyrpsinogen and procarboxypeptidase into ACTIVE chymotrypsin and carboxypeptidase )

303
Q

Carbohydrates in the chyme are hydrolysed by ________ into _____.

A

Pancreatic amylase
Disaccharides
(In the small intestines )

304
Q

In the __,fats are broken down by ___with the help of ___ into DI and MONO -GLYCERIDES .

A

Small intestines
Lipases
Bile

305
Q

Is any amount of fat digested in the stomach also ?

A

Lipases are present in the stomach, but not bile

So maybe some of it is partially hydrolysed*

306
Q

Fats are broken down into __and ___ in the small intestines .

A

Di-glycerides
Mono-glycerides
(By the action of lipase along with bile )

307
Q

What role does AMYLASE play in the small intestines ?

A

It converts polysaccharides(starch) into disaccharides (maltose )
It plays almost the same role as it does in the mouth

308
Q

______ in the pancreatic juice act on NUCLEIC ACIDS to form _____and _____ .(in small intestines )

A

Nucleases
Nucleotides
Nucleosides

309
Q

Does the small intestine secrete any enzyme or al enzymes i it come from pancreas ?

A

Both
Intestinal juice And Pancreatic juice both act in the small intestines
(After the pancreatic juices have acted on the chyme , the succus entericus plays its part and acts on the breakdown products of the enzymes of pancreatic juices )

310
Q

The enzymes in the ______ act on the end products of the rxns catalysed by pancreatic enzymes (amylase ,lipase ,nucleases ,trypsin ,chymotypsin and carboxypaptidase )to form the respective simple ___forms .

A

Succus entericus

Absorbable

311
Q

What are the final steps in digestion ?

A

Rxns catalysed by enzymes of succus entericus (dipeptidase , maltase , lactase , nucleotidases ,nucleosidases ,sucrose ,lactase

312
Q

The final steps in digestion occur very close to the ______ of the _____ .

A

Mucosal epithelial cells

Intestine

313
Q

The breakdown of the BIOMACROMOLECULES ( by the enzymes of the succus entericus , the final steps of digestion ) occur in the ___region of the small intestines .

A

Duodenum

314
Q

The simple substances formed in the last steps of digestion in the duodenum region are absorbed in the ____and ____ regions of the small intestines .

A

Jejunum

Ileum

315
Q

In the final steps of digestion (in duodenum) , DIPEPTIDES are converted to _____by ___ .

A

Amino acids

Dipeptidases (ofsuccus entericus )

316
Q

Maltose(disaccharide )formed from starch (polysaccharide ) is converted to ________ by _____ in the last step .

A

Glucose+glucose

Maltase ( of succus entericus )

317
Q

Lactose is converted to __ and ___ by the action of enzymes of_____.

A

Glucose
Galactose
Intestinal juice ( succus entericus )—- lactase

318
Q

Sucrose left is finally converted to _____and ____ by ____.

A

Glucose
Fructose
Sucrase (of succus entericus )

319
Q

In the final steps of digestion occurring in the duodenum , NUCLEOTIDES are converted to ______ by ______ , which are in turn converted to ____ by______.

A

Nucleosides
Nucleotidases
Sugars+bases
Nucleosidases

320
Q

The final product of nucleic acids is -

A

Sugars + bases
Nucleic acids ————>nucleotides and nucleosides (pancreatic juice-nucleases )
Nucleotides ————> nucleosides——> sugars+bases (intestinal juice -nucleotidases,nucleosidases)

321
Q

No significant digestive activity occurs in the large intestines .T/F

A

T

322
Q

Functions of large intestines -

A

1) absorption of some water , minerals and certain drugs

2) secretion of mucus (which helps in adhering the waste-undigested together and lubrications it for easy passage )

323
Q

Drugs are absorbed in the -

A

Large intestines

324
Q

The undigested , unabsorbed substances enter into the CAECUM through the ______which prevents back flow of faecal matter .

A

ILeo-caecal VALVE

325
Q

The faecal matter are temporarily stored in the _____till defaecation .

A

Rectum

326
Q

The activities of GASTRO-INTESTINAL TRACT are under __and ___control for proper coordination .

A

Hormonal

Neural

327
Q

the muscular movements of diff parts of the alimentary canal can also be moderated by NEURAL MECHANISM ,both _____and through ___.

A

Local

CNS

328
Q

Hormonal control of the secretion of digestive juices is carried out by ____hormones produced by ___ and ____ .

A

Local
Gastric mucosa
Intestinal mucosa

329
Q

The sight ,smell or the presence of food in ORAL CAVITY can stimulate the secretion of saliva .T/F

A

T

Under neural control , similar to gastric and intestinal secretions

330
Q

Gross calorific value of carbs-

A

4.1 kcal/g

331
Q

Gross calorific value of proteins -

A

5.65 kcal/g

332
Q

Gross calorific value of fats -

A

9.45 kcal/g

333
Q

Physiological value of carbs -

A

4 kcal/g

334
Q

Physiological value of proteins -

A

4.0 kcal/g

335
Q

Physiological value of fats-

A

9.0 kcal/g

336
Q

Absorption is the process by which the end products of digestion pass through the ______into the ____or____ .

A

Intestinal mucosa
Blood
Lymph

337
Q

Absorption of food is carried out by __,___ or ____ mechanisms .

A

Active transport
Passive transport
Facilitated transport

338
Q

SMALL AMOUNTS of monosaccharides ,like GLUCOSE ,AMINO ACIDS and some electrolytes (like CHLORIDE IONS ) are generally absorbed by -

A

Simple diffusion *

339
Q

The passage of monosaccharides (glucose, aa ) and some electrolytes(Cl-) depends on ________. Why?

A

Conc gradients

Becoz they are absorbed by simple diffusion

340
Q

Some substances like __and ___Are absorbed with the help of CARRIER PROTEINS .

A

Glucose

Amino acids

341
Q

Glucose is mainly absorbed through the process of -

A

Facilitated diffusion ( carrier proteins )

342
Q

Amino acids are mainly absorbed into the blood by -

A

Facilitated transport (carrier proteins)

343
Q

Transport of water depends upon the _____ .

A

Osmotic gradient

344
Q

Various nutrients like amino acids, monosaccharides like glucose ,electrolytes like Na+ are absorbed into the blood by -

A

Active transport

345
Q

Glucose and amino acids are absorbed by how many mechanisms -

A

Passive transport -small amount
Active transport -various
Facilitated -some

346
Q

Electrolytes like Na+ are absorbed into the blood stream by -

A

Active transport

347
Q

____and __being insoluble cannot be absorbed into the blood .

A

Fatty acids

Glycerol

348
Q

Fatty acids and glycerol (for absorption)are first incorporated into small droplets called _____ which move into the _____.

A

Micelles

Intestinal mucosa

349
Q

fatty acids and glycerol are first incorporated into micelles and then RE-FORMED into very small ______ .

A

Protein coated fat globules -chylomicrons

350
Q

_______are transported into the lymph vessels (LACTEALS) in the villi .

A

Chylomicrons

351
Q

What are chylomicrons ?

A

Very small protein -coated fat globules

Final products of fatty acids and glycerol , which are transported into lacteals in the villi

352
Q

Chylomicrons are transported into the _____ in the ____ .

A

Lymph vessels -lacteals

Villi

353
Q

Micelles are transported into lacteals .T/F

A

F

354
Q

The ___ultimately release the absorbed substances (of chylomicrons {fatty acids and glycerol}) into the _______ .

A

Lymph vessels

Blood stream

355
Q

____of substances takes place in diff parts of the alimentary canal like mouth ,stomach, small intestine and large intestine .

A

Absorption

356
Q

Maximum absorption takes place in the _____.

A

Small intestine

357
Q

Certain drugs coming in contact with the ___of __and _____ of ____ are absorbed into the blood capillaries lining them .

A 
Mucosa 
Mouth 👄 
Lower side 
Tongue 👅 
(some amt of Drugs are absorbed in the mouth )
358
Q

Alcohol is absorbed in the ____.

A

Stomach

359
Q

Absorption of water ,simple sugars and alcohol takes lace here -

A

Stomach

360
Q

Principle organ for the ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS is-

A

Small intestine

361
Q

The digestion is completed here and the fall products of digestion such as glucose ,fructose ,fatty acids ,glycerol and amino acids are absorbed through the mucosa into the blood stream and lymph -

A

Small intestine

362
Q

Absorption of water ,some minerals and drugs takes place here -

A

Large intestine

363
Q

The absorbed substances finally reach the tissues which utilise them for their activities . This is called -

A

Assimilation

364
Q

The egestion of faeces to the outside through defaecation is a ___process and is carried out by a ___movement .

A

Voluntary

Mass peristaltic

365
Q

The __of intestinal tract is the most common ailment due to BACTERIAL or VIRAL infections .

A

Inflammation

366
Q

The infection of intestinal tract are also caused by the parasites of intestine like -

A 
Tapeworm 
Roundworm 
Threadworm 
Bookworm
Pinworm
367
Q

In jaundice , the ____is affected .

A

Liver

368
Q

In jaundice , the liver is affected , ____ and __turn yellow due to _____.

A

Skin
Eyes
Deposition of bile pigments

369
Q

Ejection of __ contents through the mouth is called VOMITING .

A

Stomach contents

370
Q

Vomiting is a _____ action controlled by the _____centre in the _____.

A

Reflex
Vomit centre
Medulla

371
Q

The abnormal frequency of bowel movements and increased liquidity of faecal discharge is known as ___.

A

Diarrhoea

372
Q

______ reduces the absorption of food .

A

Diarrhoea

373
Q

In constipation , the faeces are retained within the ____ .

A

Colon

374
Q

Why are faeces retained in the colon during constipation ?

A

As the bowel movements occur irregularly

375
Q

In ____ , the food is not digested properly leading to a feeling of FULLNESS .

A

Indigestion

376
Q

What are the causes of indigestion ?

A

1) Inadequate enzyme secretion
2) Anxiety
3) Food poisoning
4) Over eating
5) Spicy food

377
Q

Dietary deficiencies of proteins and total food calories are widespread in many underdeveloped countries of ___,___and ____ .

A

South and south-east ASIA
South America
West and central Africa

378
Q

_____ may affect large sections of population during drought , famine and political turmoil .

A

PEM

379
Q

PEM happened in ___ during the liberation war and in ___ during the severe drought in MID-EIGHTIES .

A

Bangladesh 🇧🇩

Ethiopia 🇪🇹

380
Q

___ is produced by the simultaneous deficiency of proteins and calories .

A

Marasmus

381
Q

Marasmus if found in ___ , if mother’s milk is replaced too early by other foods which are poor in both proteins and calorific value .

A

Infants 👶 -less than a year in age

382
Q

When is mother’s milk replaced by other foods which ultimately leads to marasmus ?

A

If the mother has 2nd pregnancy 🤰 or childbirth when the older infant is still too young .

383
Q

In Marasmus , PROTEIN DEFICIENCY impairs __and ____.

A

growth

replacement of tissue proteins

384
Q

What are the symptoms of MARASMUS -

A

Extreme emancipation of the body
Thinning of limbs
Skin becomes dry ,thin and wrinkled
Growth rate and body weight decline considerably
Growth and development of brain 🧠 and mental faculties are impaired

385
Q

Kwashiorkor is caused by ___.

A

Protein deficiency only

386
Q

Kwashiorkor is caused by _____deficiency unaccompanied by ____ deficiency .

A

Protein

Calorie

387
Q

Kwashiorkor is caused in a child _______.

A

More than one year in age

388
Q

What is the cause of kwashiorkor ?

A

Replacement of mother’s milk by HIGH CALORIE -LOW PROTEIN diet in a child less than 1 year .

389
Q

What are the symptoms of kwashiorkor which are like marasmus -

A

Wasting of muscles
Thinning of limbs
Failure of growth and brain development

390
Q

Symptoms of kwashiorkor ,which are unlike marasmus -

A

Some fat is still left under the skin
Extensive oedema
Swelling of body parts

Biology 3 - Animal Physiology (8 decks)

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