Excretory Sytem Flashcards
(220 cards)
1
Q
What are the substances that animals accumulate ?
A
Ammonia Urea Uric acid CO2 Water Ions ( Na+ , K+, Cl- , phosphate , sulphate )
2
Q
Animals accumulate substances like ammonia ,urea ,uric acid CO2 ,H2O and ions either by ___or by other means like _____.
A
Metabolic activities
Excess ingestion
3
Q
Accumulated substances have to be removed _or ____.
A
Totally
Partially
4
Q
Name some ions which are accumulated in our bodies and have to be removed -
A
Na+ K+ Cl- Phosphate Sulphate
5
Q
Major forms of nitrogenous wastes excreted by animals -
A
3
Ammonia
Urea
Uric acid
6
Q
_____is the most TOXIC form of N2 waste excreted by animals .
A
Ammonia
7
Q
Ammonia requires _____ for its elimination .
A
Large amount of water ( becoz it us highly toxic )
8
Q
_is the least toxic form of N2 waste .
A
Uric acid
9
Q
____can be removed with a minimum loss of water . Why ?
A
Uric acid
Least toxic in nature
10
Q
He process of excreting ammonia is called -
A
ammonotelism
11
Q
Name some ammonotelic organisms -
A
3 Bony fishes Aquatic amphibians Aquatic insects (All aquatic ones )
12
Q
__, as it is readily soluble , is generally excreted by diffusion across body surfaces or through gill surfaces ( in fish ) as ____ .
A
Ammonia
Ammonium ions
13
Q
How is ammonia excreted by aquatic amphibians , bony fishes and aquatic insects?
A
It is excreted by diffusion across the body surface or through gills surface as in fishes as ammonium ions because it is readily soluble.
14
Q
____necessitated the production of lesser toxic nitrogenous waste like ___and ____ for_____.
A
Terrestrial adaptations
Urea
Uric acid
Conservation of water
15
Q
Name some UREOTELIC organism -
A
Excrete urea - 3
Mammals
Many terrestrial amphibians
Marine fishes
16
Q
__produced by metabolism is converted into ___ in the ___ of UREOTELIC animals and released into the blood which is filtered and excreted out by kidneys .
A
Ammonia
Urea
Liver
17
Q
Some amount of urea may be retained in. The __of UREOTELIC animals .
A
Kidney matrix
18
Q
Why some amount of urea retained in the kidney matrix of UREOTELIC animals ?
A
To maintain a desired OSMOLARITY
19
Q
How is UREA excreted by UREOTELIC animals ?
A
1) ammonia is produced by metabolism
2) ammonia is converted into UREA in the liver
3) liver releases this urea into the blood
4) urea is filtered from the blood and excreted out by the KIDNEYS .
20
Q
_is produced by metabolism in UREOTELIC organisms.
A
Ammonia
21
Q
Name some organisms which excrete N2 wastes as URIC acid -
A
Uricotelic -4 Reptiles Birds Land snails Insects
22
Q
Uricotelic organisms excrete uric acid in the form of _or ___ with a _____ of water .
A
Pellets
Paste
Minimum loss
23
Q
In most of the invertebrates , excretory structures are _forms whereas vertebrates have ____.
A
Simple tubular forms
Complex tubular organs -kidneys
24
Q
_are the excretory structures in Platyhelminthes ( flatworms).
A
PROTONEPHRIDIA / flame cells
25
Flame cells are the excretory structures of -
Flatworms . (Ex planarian )
Rotifers
Some annelids
Cephalochordata (ex-amphioxus)
26
PROTONEPHRIDIA /flame cells are primarily concerned with ___and ___regulation . This is called -
Ionic
Fluid volume
Osmoregulation
27
Amphioxus has __As its excretory structure .
PROTONEPHRIDIA / flame cells
28
__are the TUBULAR excretory structures of earthworms .
Nephridia
29
Annelids have _as their excretory structures .
Mainly - NEPHRIDIA
| Some annelids - PROTONEPHRIDIA
30
Nephridia help to maintain a fluid and ionic balance . T/F
T
31
Malphigian tubules are the excretory structures of most of the ____.
Insects - including cockroaches
32
__or ___ perform the excretory function in CRUSTACEANS like PRAWNS 🦐.
Antennal glands
| Green glands
33
In humans , the excretory system consists of what components ?
A pair of kidneys
One pair of ureters
A urinary bladder
A urethra
34
Kidneys are reddish -brown , bean shaped structures situated BTW the levels of __and ___ VERTEBRA .
Last thoracic
| 3rd lumbar
35
Exact location of kidneys -
Situated btw the levels of last thoracic and 3rd lumbar vertebra close to the dorsal inner wall of the abdominal cavity .
36
Each kidney in an adult human measures ___in length .
10-12 cm
37
Each kidney in an adult human measures ___in width .
5-7cm
38
Each kidney in an adult human measures ___in thickness
2-3 cm
39
Average weight of kidneys -
120-170 g
40
Towards the centre of the inner CONCAVE surface of the kidney is a ___.
Notch - called hilum
41
Through the HILUM , __,___and ____enter .
Ureter
Blood vessels
Nerves
42
Inner to the ___ is a brood funnel shaped space called RENAL PELVIS .
Hilum
43
____has PROJECTIONS called CALYCES
Renal pelvis
44
Renal pelvis is ___in shape and and is situated ____ and contains ____.
Funnel -shaped
Inner to the hilum
Projections -calyces
45
The OUTER LAYER of the kidney is a ___.
Tough capsule
46
Inside th kidney , there are _zones .name -
2
Outer- cortex
Inner- medulla
47
The medulla (inner zone of kidneys ) is divided into __
A few conical masses - MEDULLARY PYRAMIDS
48
Medullary pyramids are _in shape and they project into the ___.
Conical
| Calyces ( projections of renal pelvises inner to hilum )
49
The cortex(outer part of kidney ) extends in btw ______.
Medullary pyramids
50
The cortex of the kidneys extends btw the MEDULLARY PYRAMIDS as ____ , called ____.
Renal columns
| Columns of bertini
51
What are columns of BERTINI ?
The part of cortex extending btw the medullary pyramids as RENAL COLUMNS are called the columns of bertini
52
Each kidney has approx ______ complex tubular structures called NEPHRONS .
1 million
53
Nephrons are the ____units .
Functional (only )
54
Each nephron has ___parts . Name -
2
Glomerulus
Renal tubule
55
Glomerulus is a tuft of ____ formed by the __ .
Capillaries
| Afferent arteriole
56
Afferent arteriole is a fine branch of __.
Renal artery
57
Blood from the glomerulus is carried away by an_____
Efferent arteriole
58
__is formed by the afferent arteriole .
Glomerulus
59
Parts of renal tubule ( 2nd part of nephron )_
Bowman’s capsule
PCT
Henle’s loop
DCT
60
The renal tubule begins with a _walled _like structure called _____.
Double walled
Cup like
Bowman’s capsule
61
Bowman’s capsule is _waled .
Double
62
Bowman’s capsule encloses the ___
Glomerulus
63
Glomerulus along with the bowman’s capsule is called the_or __.
Malphigian body
| Renal corpuscle
64
The renal tubule after Bowman’s capsule continues further to form a ____ network called _
Highly coiled
| PCT
65
The __shaped HENLE’S loop is the next part (after PCT) of the renal tubule which has a _and an __part .
Hairpin
Descending
Ascending limb
66
The _limb of Henle’s loop continues as another __called _.
Ascending
Highly coiled tubular region
DCT
67
The _ of many nephrons open into a straight tube called COLLECTING DUCT .
DCTs
68
Many __converge and open into the RENAL PELVIS .
Collecting ducts
69
Many collecting ducts converge and open into the __ through __ in the _____ .
Renal pelvis
Medullary pyramids
Calyces
70
The parts of nephrons situated in the CORTICAL part of the kidney are -
3
Malphigian corpuscle
PCT
DCT
71
_part of nephron DIPS into the medulla .
Loop of henle
72
In __of nephrons , the loop of henle is too short and extends ______.
Majority
| Only very little into the medulla
73
In MAJORITY of nephrons the HENLE’s loop is too short and extends only very little into the medulla . These nephrons are called -
Cortical nephrons
74
What are the 2 kinds of nephrons ? On what basis are they classified ?
2
Cortical nephrons -majority
Juxta medullary nephrons -few
Based on the length of henle’s loop dipping into the medulla
75
In some nephrons , the henle’s loop is __and runs deep into the medulla .they are called -
Very long
| Juxta medullary nephrons
76
The ___emerging from the glomerulus forms a fine network of CAPILLARIES around the ___ .
Efferent arteriole
| Renal tubule
77
The fine network of capillaries around the RENAL TUBULE formed from efferent arteriole are called ____
Peritubular capillaries
78
A minute vessel of ___ network runs parallel to the henle’s loop .
Peritubular capillaries
79
A __ of peritubular capillary network runs parallel to the henle’s loop forming a _ shaped ___.
Minute vessel
U -shaped
VASA RECTA
80
_is absent or highly reduced in CORTICAL NEPHRONS .
Vasa recta( becoz it runs parallel to the henle’s loop , which is highly reduced in cortical nephrons )
81
Vasa reacts arises from ___
Peritubular capillaries
82
Urine formation involves ____processes .name-
3
Glomerular filtration
Reabsorption
Secretion
83
The 1st step in urine formation -
Filtration of blood
84
The 1st step of urine formation is carried out by -
Glomerulus , hence the name GLOMERULAR FILTRATION
85
On an average __ blood is filtered by the kidneys per minute .
1100-1200ml per min
86
Blood filtered by the kidneys per minute constitutes roughly ___ of the blood pumped out by ____ in a minute .
1/5th
| Each ventricle of the heart
87
The _____causes filtration of the blood .
Glomerular capillary blood pressure
88
The glomerular capillary blood pressure causes filtration of blood through ____layers .name -
3
Endothelium - of glomerular blood vessels
Basement membrane -in btw
Epithelium - of Bowman’s capsule
89
The epithelial cells of Bowman’s capsule are called -
Podocytes
90
Podocytes are _cells of ___.
Epithelial cells
| Bowman’s capsule
91
Podocytes are arranged in an ____manner . Why ?
Intricate
| To leave some minute spaces called - filtration slits or slit pores
92
Blood is filtered so finely through the 3 membranes , that almost all the constituents of __ except ___ pass onto the ____.
Plasma
PROTEINS
Lumen of Bowman’s capsule
93
Glomerular filtration is also called ____ . Why ?
Ultrafiltration
Becoz blood is filtered so finely through the 3 layers that all constitutes of plasma except proteins pass onto the lumen of Bowman’s capsule
94
____are not filtered by ultrafiltration .
Proteins
95
The amount of FILTRATE formed by the kidneys per minute is called -
Glomerular filtration rate
96
GFR in a healthy individual is _______ ml / min .
125 ml/min
97
GFR in an healthy individual is approx _____ litres /day .
180 litres / day
98
The kidneys have built-in mechanism for the regulation of GFR .T/F
T
99
An in-built mechanism for the regulation of GFR is Carrie out by the -
Juxta glomerular apparatus JGA
100
JGA is a special ___formed by the ___ modifications in the DCT and the afferent arteriole at the location of their contact .
Sensitive region
| Cellular
101
JGA is formed by the cellular modifications in the __and ___at the junction of their contact .
DCT
Afferent arteriole
(Therefore , JGA is found in the kidney itself )
102
____activates the JG cell to release RENNIN .
FALL in GFR
103
What is the role of RENIN ?
Stimulates the glomerular blood flow and thereby , the GFR back to normal .
104
When is RENIN released and from where ?
When the GFR falls .
| Released from JG cells -in the kidney
105
The comparison of the volume of the filtrate formed per day (180 L/day) with that of the urine released (1.5 L) , suggest that -
Nearly 99% of the filtrate formed has to be reabsorbed by the RENAL TUBULES .
106
Nearly 99% of the filtrate formed per day is reabsorbed . This process is called -
Reabsorption
107
The __cells in diff parts of the nephron perform reabsorption .
Tubular epithelial cells
108
The tubular epithelial cells in diff segments of the nephron perform reabsorption by _or _ mechanisms .
Active
| Passive
109
Name the substances in the filtrate which are reabsorbed actively -
Glucose
Amino acids
Na+
110
Name the substances in the filtrate which are REABSORBED passively -
Nitrogenous wastes
| Water ( in the initial segments of nephron )
111
Water is reabsorbed __in the ___ of nephron .
Passively
| Initial segments
112
During urine formation , the tubular cells secrete substances like -__ , __and __into the FILTRATE .
H+
K+
Ammonia
113
Tubular secretion is also an imp step in __ . why ?
Urine formation
| Maintenance of ionic and acid -base balance of body fluids
114
Tubular secretion maintains _ and __ balance of body fluids .
Ionic
| Acid-base
115
PCT is lined by ___ which inc the SA for _.
Simple cuboidal brush border epithelium
| Reabsorption
116
Which substances are reabsorbed by the PCT ?
Nearly all the essential nutrients
70 -80 % electrolytes
Water
(Max reabsorption )
117
PCT also helps to maintain the _and ___ of the body fluids .
pH
| Ionic balance
118
PCT helps to maintain the pH and ionic balance of body fluids by _ of __,_and __ into the filtrate and by __ of ___from it .
```
Selective secretion
H+ ions
Ammonia
K+ ions
Absorption
HCO3-
```
119
Selective secretion by PCT is done ____and absorption is done _____
Into the filtrate
| From it
120
__is minimum in the ASCENDING LIMB of henle’s loop .
Reabsorption
121
__region plays a significant role in the maintenance of high ormolarity of MEDULLARY INTERSTITIAL FLUID .
Ascending limb of henle’s loop
122
Descending limb of henle’s loop is permeable to __and almost impermeable to ____.
Water
| Electrolytes
123
The ascending limb is impermeable to __ but allows transport of _ in __ ways .
Water
Electrolytes
Both -active and passive ways
124
As the CONCENTRATED filtrate passes up the ascending limb , it gets _______ due to the _.
Diluted
| Passage of electrolytes to the medullary fluid
125
Ascending limb plays a significant role in maintenance of __ of ___.
HIGH osmolarity
| Medullary interstitial fluid
126
While moving down the descending limb , the filtrate is ____ . Reason -
Concentrated
| Becoz water moves out ( not electrolytes )
127
Conditional reabsorption of Na + and water takes place in this segment -
DCT
128
DCT is capable of reabsorption of __and selective secretion of ___.
HCO3-
| H+ , K+ , NH3
129
DCT is capable of reabsorption of HCO3- and secretion of H+,K+ and NH3 to maintain the ___ and ___balance in blood
pH
| Sodium-potassium
130
_reabsorption of _and _ takes place in DCT .
Conditional
Na+
Water
131
Collecting duct extends from __ of kidney to _.
Cortex
| Inner parts of medulla
132
Large amounts of water could be REABSORBED from __to produce a __.
Collecting duct
| Conc urine
133
___ allows passage of small amounts of UREA into the medullary interstitium to keep up osmolarity .
Collecting duct
134
Collecting duct plays a role in the maintenance of ____ and __ of blood . How ?
pH
Ionic balance
By SELECTIVE SECRETION OF H+ and K+ ions
135
Collecting duct allows passage of ___ into the ___to keep up osmolarity .
Urea
| Medullary interstitium
136
____have the ability to produce a CONC URINE .
Mammals
137
The ____and ____ play a significant role in the CONC of URINE .
Henle’s loop
| Vasa recta
138
The flow of filtrate in the henle’s loop is in _____direction ,and thus forms a ____ .
Opposite
| Counter current
139
The flow of filtrate in the ____of vasa recta is also in a ___pattern .
2 limbs
| Counter- current
140
The proximity btw the henle’s loop and vasa recta , as well as the counter current in them help in maintaining an _____ towards the _____ .
Increasing osmolarity
| Inner medullary interstitium
141
The osmolarity i the CORTEX is _____ and i the INNER MEDULLA is _____ .
300 mOsmolL-1
1200 mOsmolL-1
Osmolarity increases towards inner medullary interstitium
142
The main reason for th inc osmolarity towards the inner medullary interstitium -
1) proximity btw henle’s loop and vasa recta
| 2) counter current in them
143
The gradient ( 300 osmolarity in cortex and 1200 osmolarity in medulla ) is mainly caused by -
NaCl
| Urea
144
____is transported by the ascending limb of henle’s loop which is exchanged with the __ limb of __.
NaCl
Descending limb
Vasa recta
145
NaCl is returned to the interstitium by __.
Ascending portion of vasa recta
146
Small amounts of UREA enter the____ which is transported back to the interstitium by the ______ .
THIN segment of ASCENDING limb of henle’s loop
| Collecting tubule
147
The transport of substances fascinated by special arrangement of henle’s loop and vasa recta is called -
Counter current mechanism
148
Counter current mechanism helps to -
Maintain a CONC gradient in the medullary interstitium
149
The presence of the conc gradient in the medullary interstitium helps in -
easy passage of water from the COLLECTING TUBULE , thereby CONCENTRATING the filtrate ( urine )
150
Human kidneys can produce urine nearly __ times conc than the initial filtrate formed . How ?
4
| Becoz of the conc gradient in the medullary interstitium due to the counter -current mechanism .
151
Osmolarity in the outer medulla -
600 mOsmolL-1
152
Counter current mechanism helps in the transport of which substances and how ?
NaCl and urea
1) NaCl is transported by the ascending limb of henle’s and is exchanged with the descending limb of vasa recta . NaCl is returned to the interstitium by the ascending limb of vasa .
2) small amount of urea enters the thin segment of the ascending limb of henle’s and is transported back to the interstitium by COLLECTING tubule .
153
The functioninof kidneys is efficiently monitored and regulated by ___ .
Hormonal feedback mechanism
154
The hormonal feedback mechanisms regulating kidney function involve ___, ____and to some extent , the____.
Hypothalamus
JGA
Heart
155
_in the blood are activated by changes in blood volume , body fliud vol or ionic conc .
Osmoreceptors
156
An ______ can stimulate osmoreceptors which stimulate the ____ to release ADH or vasopressin from the __.
Excessive loss of fluid from the body
Hypothalamus
Neurohypophysis
157
ADH facilitates ____ form __parts of the TUBULE , thereby preventing ___.
Water reabsorption
Latter parts (DCT , collecting duct )
Diuresis
158
What suppresse the ADH release to complete the feedback (which started with the release of ADH ) ?
An inc in body fluid vol can switch off the osmoreceptors ans suppress ADH release .
159
ADH can also affect the kidney function by its ____effects on ___.
Constrictors effects
| Blood vessels
160
ADH causes ____in BLOOD PRESSURE . How ?
Increase
| Due to its contractors activity on blood vessels
161
ADH inc / dec the GFR .
Inc
162
Becoz of the inc in constrictory activity of ADH , an increase in ___ can inc the___ and thereby the GFR .
Blood pressure
| Glomerular blood flow
163
How can OSMORECEPTORS be activated ?
Changes in blood vol
Changes in body fluid vol
Changes in ionic conc
164
What happens when there is excessive loss of fluid form the body ?
1) Osmoreceptors are activated
2) they stimulate hypothalamus to release ADH from neurohypophysis .
3) ADH facilitates water reabsorption from the latter parts of tubule , preventing diuresis .
165
The JGA plays a ______role .
Complex regulatory role
166
What activates the JG cells to release RENIN ?
Fall in glomerular blood flow Or
Fall in glomerular blood pressure Or
Fall in GFR
167
JG cells are activated to release renin to inc / dec GFR ?
Inc
168
ADH is secreted hen GFR falls / rises ?
Falls
169
Renin converts ____ in blood to __ an further to ____.
Angiotensinogen
Angiotensin 1
Angiotensin 2
170
Aniotensinogen is released from the _____.
Blood
171
Angiotensin 2 is a powerful ____.
Vasoconstrictor
172
Function of angiotensin 2 -
1) Angiotensin 2 being a powerful vasoconstrictor, inc the glomerular blood pressure and thereby the GFR
2) activates the adrenal cortex to release ALDOSTERONE .
173
Angiotensin 2 activates the ___ to release ALDOSTERONE .
Adrenal cortex
174
Aldosterone causes reabsorption of ___and ___ from the ____ parts of the tubule .
Na+
H2O
Distal parts
175
Aldosterone dec / inc GFR .
Inc
176
Function of ALDOSTERONE released with the help of angiotensin 2 -
Causes reabsorption of Na+ and H2O from distal parts of the tubule .
It’s leads to an inc in blood pressure and GFR .
177
The complex mechanism that starts with JG cells is called -
Renin-angiotensin mechanism
178
How does renin -angiotensin mechanism inc GFR ?m
1) renin converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin 1 and angiotensin 2 . Angiotensin causes vasoconstriction and inc GFR
2) angiotensin2 activated release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex . Aldosterone causes reabsorption of Na + and H2O .
179
An inc in GFR ( blood flow ) to the ____of the heart can cause the release of ____ .
Atria
| ANF ( atrial natriuretic factor )
180
ANF causes ______.
Vasodilation ( dilation of blood vessels )
181
ANF inc / dec blood pressure .
Dec
| dec GFR
182
____acts as a check on renin- angiotensin mechanism .
ANF mechanism
183
Urine formed by the nephrons is ultimately carried to the ____ where it is stored till a ____ signal is given by the ___.
Urinary bladder
Voluntary
CNS
184
The voluntary signal by the CNS is initiated by -
Stretching of the urinary bladder as it gets filled with urine .
185
When the urinary bladder is stretched __send signals to the CNS .
Stretch receptors on the walls of the bladder
186
The CNS passes on ____to initiate the CONTRACTION of _____ of the bladder .
Motor messages
| Smooth muscles
187
______of smooth muscles of bladder and simultaneous _____of the URETHRAL SPHINCTER causing the release of urine .
Conc
| Relaxation
188
Release of urine is called ____ and the neural mechanism causing it is called ______ .
Micturition
| Micturition reflex
189
An adult human excretes on an average ______ urine per day .
1 - 1.5 L /day
190
The urine formed is a light yellow coloured watery fluid which is slightly ___ and has a characteristic odour .
Acidic ( pH - 6 )
| Odour
191
On an average , ____ of UREA is excreted out per day .
25 - 30 gm
192
Various conditions can affect the ____ of urine .
Characteristics
193
Analysis of urine helps in clinical diagnosis of many ____ as well as ____ .
Metabolic disorders
| Malfunctioning of the kidneys
194
Presence of ___ and ___ in urine are indicative of DIABETES MELLITUS .
Glucose - glycosuria
| Ketone bodies - ketonuria
195
Relaxation of _____ causes micturition .
Urethral sphincter
196
Other than kidneys , __ , ___and ____ also help in elimination of excretory wastes .
Lungs
Liver
Skin
197
Our lungs remove large amounts of co2 ( approx ____ /min ) and also significant quantities of _____.
200ml / min
| Water every day
198
Liver secretes. -____ containing substances like ____
```
Bile
Bilirubin
Biliverdin
Cholesterol
Degraded steroid hormones
Vitamins
Drugs
```
199
The bile containing substances secreted by liver are removed from the body by -
Passed out along with digestive wastes
200
____and ___glands in the SKIN can eliminate certain substances through their secretions .
Sweat
| Sebaceous
201
Sweat produced is a watery fluid containing -
NaCl
Small amt of UREA
Lactic acid
202
Primary function of sweat -
Facilitate a cooling effect on the body surface
| But it also helps in the removal of some wastes
203
Sebaceous glands eliminate certain substances like __ ,__ and ___ through ____.
Sterols
Hydrocarbons
Waxes
Sebum
204
____provides a protective oily covering for the skin .
Secretions of sebaceous glands released through sebum
205
Small amounts of ___could be eliminated through SALIVA too .
Nitrogenous wastes
206
Malfunctioning of kidneys can lead to -
Accumulation of urea in the blood 🩸
207
Accumulation of urea in the blood is called _____ , which is highly harmful and may lead to _____.
Uraemia
| Kidney failure
208
In case of uraemia , urea can be removed by a process called -
hemoDialysis
209
During the process of haemodialysis , the blood drained from a ___ is pumped into a _____ called ___.
Convenient artery
Dialysing unit
Artificial kidney
210
Blood drained from a convenient artery is pumped into a dialysing unit after adding __.
An anticoagulant. Like HEPARIN
211
The dialysing unit contain a ____surrounded by a ____ having the same composition as that of ___.
Coiled cellophane tube
Fluid ( dialysing fluid )
Plasma
212
The dialysing fluid has the same composition as that of plasma except te ___.
Nitrogenous wastes
213
The ___ cellophane membrane of the tube allows the passage of molecules based on _____.
Porous
| Conc gradient
214
As ___are absent in the dialysing fluid , these substances freely move out ,thereby clearing the blood .
Nitrogenous wastes
215
The cleared blood is pumped back to the body through a ___ after adding _____.
VEIN
| Anti-heparin
216
__is the ultimate method in the correction of ACUTE RENAL FAILURES (kidney failures )
Kidney transplant
217
A functional kidney is used in transplantation from a donor , preferably a_____, to minimise chances of _________ of the host .
Close relative
| Rejection by the immune system
218
Name the disorder in which a STONE or INSOLUBLE mass of crystallised salts are formed within the kidney .
Renal calculi
219
Renal calculi is caused by the formation of ____ within the kidney .
OXALATES ( calcium oxalate crystals ) -stone or insoluble mass of crystallised salts
220
Inflammation of GLOMERULI of kidney -
Glomerulonephritis
