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digestion Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

what are the mouth structures and what are their functions?

A

lips- pretensions
cheeks- aid in mastication and mixing
teeth- prehension and mastication
tongue- prehension, mastication and mixing

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2
Q

what are the elements that make up saliva and their functions?

A

water, mucin
enzymes- salivary amalayse and lipases
bicarbonate salts- act as barrier/ buffer to reg stomach ph

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3
Q

what us the function of the esophagus, and how does it happen?

A

it is hollow and muscular, the ingested material is moved by a series of muscle contractions and a valve is at the junction of the stomach & eso

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4
Q

what is the cardia and what is its function?

A

it is the sphincter at the junction of the esophagus and stomach which controls passage of feed into the stomach

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5
Q

what is the esophageal region of the stomach and what is its function?

A

it is a non glandular area surrounding the cardia to protect

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6
Q

what is the cardiac gland region of the stomach and what is its function?

A

it protects the stomach, it contains cells that produce primarily mucus

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7
Q

what is the fundic region of the stomach and what is its function?

A

it is the region that contains cells that provide gastric secretions needed for the initial stages of digestion.

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8
Q

parietal cells

A

produce HCl

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9
Q

chief cells

A

produce pepsinogen

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10
Q

what is the pyloric region of the stomach and what is its function?

A

the pyloric region contains cells that produce mucus and some proteolytic enzymes

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11
Q

what is pylorus and what’s its function?

A

sphincter at the beginning of the small intestine which controls the passage on chyme (material) out of the stomach

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12
Q

what are the functions of the acids during digestion and which structure produces it?

A

the function of HCl is to kill off bacteria as well as activate digestive enzymes. The acid is secreted by the parietal cells in the fundic Gland region

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13
Q

what are the functions of pepsinogen during digestion and which structure produces it?

A

pepsinogen activate protein digestion and is produced by chief cells in the fundic gland region

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14
Q

what are the functions of mucus during digestion?

A

mucus protects stomach wall from acid and pepsin by creating lubrication. it is produced by the cardiac and pyloric cells

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15
Q

what are the functions of renin during digestion and which structure produces it?

A

renin is used to coagulate the milk to slow process in order for young to digest it. it is produced by cells in the fundic region

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16
Q

is renin produced by the animal throughout its whole life and why?

A

no it is not produced by the animal throughout its life, it is only produced in young animals as they need to digest milk

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17
Q

what is the cephalic phase of gastric secretions?

A

impulses from the brain in regards to the 5 senses

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18
Q

what is the gastric phase of gastric secretions?

A

the presence of food in the stomach

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19
Q

what is the intestinal phase?

A

presence of chyme and or low pH in the SI duodenum causes reduced gastric secretions

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20
Q

where does the duodenum, receive secretions from?

A

pancreas, liver and intestinal walls

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21
Q

what is the main function of the small intestine

A

site of digestion

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22
Q

what are the vili

A

they are fingerlike projections within the SI that increase nutrient absorption

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23
Q

what are the microvilli and what is its function?

A

they are minute projection within the villi that increase surface area to increase nutrient absorption

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24
Q

what are the function of the venues and arterioles related to the lymphatic system?

A

the venules and arterioles drain into the portal blood

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25
where is the bile synthesized
it is synthesized you the liver
26
where is the bile stored?
it is stored in the gallbladder
27
where is the bile secreted?
it is secreted in the duodenum
28
how is the bile secreted?
it is secreted under hormonal control
29
what is her bile composition?
it contains bile salts and bile pigments along with cholesterol
30
what are the bile functions?
Used to emulsify fats amend activate pancreatic lipase
31
are the bile salts digestive enzymes
no
32
what is the pancreatic juice composition and what are the functions in stage 1?
it is a clear, watery liquid that enters the SI via the pancreatic duct and in stage one there is mainly bicarbonate ions for buffering
33
what is the function of the pancreatic juices in stage 2
there are digestive proenzymes and enzymes like trypsinogen, chymotrypsinogen, amylase, lipase, nuclease
34
what is the function of the pancreatic juices in stage 3
enterokinase enteropeptidase from SI converts the trypsinogen into trypsin. it converts the proenzymes into the enzymes
35
what are the functions of the duodenal glands secretion?
they are used to neutralize HCl and to act as a lubricant
36
what are the functions of the tubular glands between villi?
they are used to finish off the job left from pancreatic digestion
37
where is gastrin produced?
gastrin is produced in the stomach by pyloric cells
38
what are gastrin functions?
the function of gastrin is to stimulate the production of HCl and pepsinogen
39
what stimulates gastrin secretion?
release caused by food in stomach
40
what are secretin function?
secretes hormones
41
where is CCK produced
it is produced in the duodenum wall cells
42
what stimulates CCK secretions ?
release caused by fat and protein in duodenum
43
what are CCK functions?
it inhibits stomach acid and stimulates pancreatic and bile secretions
44
where is GIP produced?
it is produced in the duodenum wall cells
45
what stimulates GIP secretion?
release caused boy fat and glucose in duodenum
46
what are GIP functions?
it inhibits stomach acid and enzymes along with decreasing stomach motility. it also stimulates insulin secretion
47
which organ secretes insulin and glucagon?
the pancreas
48
what stimulates insulin and glucagon secretions?
blood glucose levels
49
what are insulin and glucagon functions?
insulin stimulates glucose uptake bu muscle and fat cells glucagon stimulates liver to convert glycogen or amino acids into glucose
50
what are the large intestine sections?
cecum, colon, rectum
51
what are the large intestine's main function?
it is the site of water absorption, secretion of some mineral elements, and bacterial fermentation
52
what are bacterial fermentation functions in the large intestine?
synthesis of some water soluble vitamins some bacterial breakdown of fibrosis ingredients. synthesis of some proteins synthesis of VFAs
53
why can only mastication occur one side at a time?
their upper jaw is bigger than the bottom jaw that only allows them to masticate one side of the mouth at a time
54
does the saliva contain enzymes, and why?
it does not contain enzymes
55
what stimulates salive secretions
mechanical action- scratch factor of the feed on inner cheeks mucus membrane
56
why can't horses regurgitate
because their esophagus only has one way movements
57
why do horses need to be fed small portions several times a day?
they have smaller stomachs compared to other species
58
what is the particularity of the stomach that may lead to more digestive problems than other animals
they do not have large muscular movements therefore the material tends to arrange in layers
59
do horse have a gallbladder? what does it imply?
no they do not have a gallbladder meaning they secrete bile directly into the duodenum
60
how does the horse cecum/large colon differ from the other species?
their cecum contains active bacteria as it is the site of fermentation, there is some absorption of VFAs
61
what is the main function of the small colon?
it is the primary area of water absorption
62
what is the beak adapted for?
it is adapted for quickly picking up small particles of feed and to reduce particle size
63
do chicken have teeth?
no they don't
64
what enzyme does avian saliva contain?
salivary amylase
65
what is crop?
the crop is the largened area of the esophagus
66
what are crop functions?
It is used to serve as ingesta holding and moisture reservoir, it allows for the breakdown reaction by salivary amylase
67
what is the proventriculus function?
the function is the site of gastric juice production (HCl and pepsin) this is where the ingesta passes through quickly
68
what are the gizzard functions?
it is a muscular walled area that reduced particle size of food
69
does the gizzard secrete enzymes?
does not secrete enzymes
70
why don't chickens have lactase in their small intestine
they do not consume lactose
71
which structures of other monogastrics are ceca similar to?
large intestine/ cecum
72
what are the functions of the ceca and large intestine?
it is the site of water absorption, some giber digestion and water soluble vitamin synthesis because of bacterial fermentation
73
what are the functions of saliva?
provides source of nitrogen, Phosphorus and sodium which are used by men microorganism. it also aids in maintaining an appropriate pH in the rumen
74
do the reticulum walls secrete enzymes?
no they do not secrete any enzymes
75
what are the rumen functions
storage, soaking, mixing and breakdown of feed and is the fermentation chamber
76
what are the rumen characteristics that make is an ideal environment for microbes?
moist, warm, anaerobic, pH and irregular introduction of new ingesta and continuous removal of end products
77
what are the functions of the rumen bacteria?
synthesize water-soluble vit, synth of AA and protein, breakdown of fibrous feeds
78
do the omasum walls secrete enzymes?
no the omasum wall does not secrete
79
what are the omasum functions?
reducing particle size and some water absorption
80
do the abomasum walls secrete enzymes?
yes the abomasum secretes enzymes
81
what are the abomasum function?
it is considered the stomach
82
what is the esophageal groove?
it is the direct passageway from the cardia to the omasum, but can close and open to permit the ingesta to enter the rumen (seen in younger animals)
83
what are the rumination steps?
regurgitation of feed, rematication, resalivation and reswallowing
84
which part of the stomach contracts to allow regurgitation?
the reticulum
85
what is eructation and how does it occur?

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