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Systems Physiology > Digestion > Flashcards

Digestion Flashcards

(70 cards)

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1
Q

General functions of digestion?

A

Ingestion/motility
Digestion/secretion
Absorption
Regulation of GI function

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2
Q

What three things control movement of food throughout GI tract?

A

Intrinsic enteric nervous system
Extrinsic nervous system
Reflexes

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3
Q

At what point does enteric nervous system start along GI tract?

A

In esophagus

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4
Q

What cells constitute the enteric nervous system?

A

Pacemaker interstitial cells of cajal

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5
Q

What does cells of cajal dictate?

A

Maximum frequency/the strength of contractions independent of nerves and hormones

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6
Q

What does the number of spike potentials indicate?

A

The strength of the contraction

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7
Q

What aspect of the ANS increases peristalsis?

A

Parasympathetics

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8
Q

What aspect of the extrinsic nervous system is present in GI tract?

A

Myenteric plexus

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9
Q

Name the 5 types of contractions myenteric plexus causes?

A

Tonic contractions
Giant migrating complexes
Migratory motor complexes
Mixing contractions
Peristalsis

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10
Q

What territory is vagus nerve responsible for?

A

Esophagus to splenic flexure of large intestine

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11
Q

What do g ain’t migrating complexes allow for?

A

Contractions over long distances

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12
Q

What increases giant migrating complexes (like in bowel movements?)

A

Serotonin

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13
Q

What increases migratory motor complexes?

A

Motilin

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14
Q

What cells perform peristalsis?

A

Interstitial cells of cajal

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15
Q

What innervation is responsible for digestion, secretion and absorption?

A

Meissner’s plexus

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16
Q

Where is meissner’s plexus located?

A

In submucosa

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17
Q

What effect does chewing have on food?

A

Increases surface area

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18
Q

What nutrients are digested in the mouth?

A

Carbs and fats

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19
Q

What enzyme digests carbs in the mouth?

A

Amylase

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20
Q

What does amylase do?

A

Digests starch to maltose

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21
Q

What enzyme is responsible for fat digestion in mouth?

A

Salivary lipase

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22
Q

What does salivary lipase do?

A

Digests triacyglycerols to glycerol plus fatty acids

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23
Q

Three phases of swallowing?

A

Voluntary
Pharyngeal
Esophageal

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24
Q

What is the primary function of the pharyngeal stage?

A

Block trachea as food passes so breathing is inhibited

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25
What relaxes during the pharyngeal stage?
Upper spinchter
26
What begins in pharyngeal stage?
Peristalsis
27
Upper 1/3 esophagus muscle?
Striated
28
What is upper esophageal sphincter responsible for?
Keeping air from entering esophagus
29
Where is primary peristalsis initiated?
Medulla
30
Where is secondary peristalsis initiated?
Enteric nervous system
31
What is responsible for the stomach mixing movements?
The high pressure antral pump
32
What nutrients are digested in the stomach?
Proteins and fats
33
What enzyme digests proteins in stomach?
Pepsin
34
What does pepsin do?
Converts proteins to peptides
35
What is required to make pepsin?
HCl and pepsinogen
36
Where is HCl released from?
Parietal cells
37
Where is pepsinogen released from?
Chief cells
38
What enzyme digests fats in the stomach?
Gastric lipase
39
What does gastric lipase do?
Digests TAGs to glycerol plus fatty acids
40
What does emptying of the stomach cause the release of?
Gastrin
41
What does gastrin do?
Assists in emptying stomach
42
Where is gastrin released from?
G-cells
43
What duct enters at duodenum?
Common bile duct
44
What sphincter does the common bile duct enter through?
Spinchter of odi
45
What does the sphincter of odi allow for?
Bile and pancreatic enzymes to enter the duodenum
46
What is bile necessary for ?
Action of pancreatic lipase for fat digestion
47
How are proteins absorbed?
They enter the portal blood as amino acids
48
Primary role of jejunum of small intestine?
Absorption of digested proteins, carbs, and lipids
49
How are carbs absorbed?
They enter the portal blood as monosaccharides
50
How are fats absorbed?
They enter the lymph as chylomicrons containing TAGs
51
What in GI tract is sensitive to ischemia?
Villi of small intestine
52
What is absorbed in ileum?
Vitamin B12
53
What is required for vitamin B 12 to be absorbed?
Intrinsic factor
54
What connects the small and large intestines?
Ileocecal valve
55
What is the primary function of the large intestine?
Absorption of water and electrolytes
56
What is produced and absorbed by intestinal bacteria in the large intestine?
Vitamins like vitamin K and biotin
57
Where do mass movements occur?
From transverse colon to rectum to push food through large intestine
58
What does chyme help with?
Electrolyte absorption
59
What causes CCK to be released?
Fatty chyme and amino acids in the duodenum
60
5 actions of CCK?
Contraction of gallbladder to release bile Release pancreatic enzymes Relaxation of sphincter of odi Decreases gastric emptying Causes brain to feel satiated
61
What causes secretin release?
Acid in duodenum
62
5 actions of secretin?
Release of bicarbonate from Brunner’s glands Release of pancreatic fluid Increases liver ductal secretion Decreases gastric emptying Inhibits motility
63
What causes GIP to be released?
Glucose in duodenum
64
2 actions of GIP?
Larger insulin release with oral glucose Delays gastric emptying
65
What causes gastrin to be released?
Stretch in stomach
66
3 actions of gastrin?
Secretion of acid from gastric cells Increase motility Stimulate growth of gastric mucosa
67
What initiates release of VIP?
Myenteric plexus
68
4 actions of VIP?
Relax sphincter Dilate blood vessels Inhibit gastric acid secretion Increase motility
69
When is motilin released?
Cyclically between meals
70
Actions of motilin?
Mediates migratory motor complexes Moves undigested food towards colon

Systems Physiology (11 decks)

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