Digestion Flashcards
What is the function of the bio molecules in the body?
Carbohydrates- the body’s primary source of energy. Broken down into glucose which is then used by cells for respiration.
Fats (lipids)- provide a concentrated energy source. plays a role in the cell membrane structure. Provide essential fatty acids which are necessary for body functions.
Proteins- provide a source of energy when carbs/lipids are insufficient. Maintaining fluid balance. Repair tissues.
What happens if you have too much of these bio molecules and if you have too little-
Fats (lipids) - overconsumption of unhealthy fats (saturated, trans fats) can lead to cardiovascular diseases such as a heart disease, stroke,obesity.
Severe deficiency of fats can lead to dry skin, impaired brain function.
Carbohydrates- overconsumption of carbohydrates (refined sugars, etc) can lead to obesity, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome.
Very Low carb intake can lead to low blood sugar levels which causes confusion and weakness.
Proteins- over consumption of proteins can strain your kidneys over time causing the kidneys to be damaged or even result in kidney stones.
Very Low protein intake can lead to malnutrition, impaired immune function and muscle wasting.
State the colour changes for all the food tests-
Iodine test for starch- turns from orangey- brown to blue- black if iodine is present. (Positive result) stays orangey- brown if no starch present. ( negative result)
Benedict’s test for sugars- solution turns from a light blue color and into a green- brick red colour (positive result for sugar). It stays light blue if there is no sugar.
Ethanol test for lipids- turns from colourless solution and into a cloudy emulsion ( positive result of fats) stays colourless if no fats.
Biurets test for proteins- turns from blue and into a lilac purple in the presence of proteins. Stays blue if there is no proteins.
What subtrate catalyses the breakdown of starch into maltose molecules?
Amylase or carbohydrase.
What subtrate catalyses the breakdown of proteins into amino acids?
Protease
What subtrate catalyses the breakdown of lipids into fatty acids and glycerol?
Lipase
What is the difference between simple sugars and complex sugars ( complex carbohydrates) ?
Simple sugars- contains one or two sugar units
Gives out immediate energy release
Complex carbohydrates- gives out slow energy release
Contains long chains of sugar units.
What does carbohydrates, lipids, proteins contain?
Carbs- carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
Lipids- carbon, oxygen, hydrogen
Protein, carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen
What is an enzyme?
Is a protein that functions as a biological catalyst which speeds up the rate of a reaction in the body.
What is the lock and key theory of enzymes?
Enzymes have a specific unique shape called as the active site. It will bind with a complementary subtrate.
Step 1-
The subtrate is attached to the enzymes active site due to the active site having a complementary shape to the subtrate.
Step 2-
The enzyme catalysts the breakdown of the subtrate
Step 3-
Products are released from the active site.
Explain in detail how enzymes speed up reactions in your
body (5 marker)
The enzyme has a unique shape called as the active site. It will BIND with a complementary subtrate like a lock and key.
The enzyme catalyses the breakdown of the subtrate.
Reaction takes place rapidly
Products are released from the active site.
Enzyme then will be ready to catalyze another reaction.
Why do enzymes have a specific active site/subtrate?
A chain of amino acids folds to produce a specific shape
What factors affect enzymes? And what happens when they affect it?
High Temperatures
PH level
These factors change the enzymes shape, causing it to denature if not controlled
Explain why the enzyme activity increases at around 20-30 degrees-
As the temperature increases the molecules gain more kinetic energy causing the enzymes to be able to collide more frequently and so more enzyme- substrate complexes will be formed
What happens at high temperatures/ PH levels in enzymes- 4 marker
1- Enzymes are proteins, 2-so the bonds between the amino acids in enzymes will be broken down due to high temperatures/ ph levels. 3-Causing the enzyme to loose its shape. 4-Its active site will no longer be complementary to the subtrate to bind.
What is digestion?
The breakdown of large insoluble food molecules into small water double food molecules so that they can be absorbed in the watery blood plasma.
Why do digestive enzymes break down big molecules?
Big molecules like carbohydrates (starch), fats, proteins are too big to pass through the walls in the digestive system. So the digestive enzymes break these molecules down into much smaller and soluble molecules so that they’re able to pass through the walls in the digestive system, allowing them to be absorbed in the blood stream.
What are the 3 enzymes? and where are they produced? and what do they help breakdown? And where is the breakdown catalyzed?
Protease, amylase, lipase.
Amylase enzymes are produced in the small intestine, salivary glands, pancreas. They catalyse the breakdown of starch into maltose in the salivary glands (mouth) and small intestine.
Protease enzymes are produced in the stomach, small intestine pancreas.
They catalyse the breakdown of proteins into amino acids in the stomach and small intestine.
Lipase enzymes are produced in the small intestine and the pancreas. They catalyse the breakdown of lipids (fats) into fatty acids and glycerol in the small intestine.
Where is bile produced?
In the liver
Give two functions of bile-
The hydrochloric acid in the stomach makes the ph level too acidic for enzymes to work effectively in, so the bile is an alkaline which produces alkaline conditions for the digestive enzymes to work in since enzymes work best in alkaline conditions.
Bile emulsifies fats, it breaks fats into tiny droplets which gives out a bigger surface area for the digestive enzymes ( lipase) to work faster in digesting fats.
What is chyme?
The stomach smashes up food forming a watery paste called as chyme
What does the lining of the stomach produce? And what does it contain and how does it help the stomach?
It produces gastric juices.
Gastric juices contain water and also hydrochloric acid which kill microbes that are found in food and it also provides optimum PH for pepsin (an enzyme that breaks down proteins into amino acids)
What is the glandular tissue that is found in the stomach?
It is made from cells that Secretes chemicals like hormones and enzymes.
What is the epithelial tissue?
Tissue that covers the inside and outside part of the body
