Infection And Response Flashcards
(39 cards)
How does bacteria reproducing in the body make us feel ill?
Due to poisonous toxins being produced
How do WBC destroy these toxins made from bacteria? 2 marker
WBC produce anti toxins which bind and counteract with the poisonous toxins.
How do WBC help to defend against the pathogens? 3 marker
Ingesting pathogens
Produce antibodies
Produce antitoxins
Why are dead or inactive pathogens used in a vaccine?
It helps prevent infection from the disease
helps to develop immunity due to the dead/inactive pathogens being able to stimulate antibody production.
How can immunity be developed from a specific pathogen?
Immune system of the body produces antibodies to kill a particular pathogen, causing these pathogens to be destroyed.
What are pathogens?
Theyre micro organisms which cause infectious disease
What would happen if bacteria AND viruses reproduce rapidly?
Bacteria- more production of toxins which makes us feel ill
Viruses- live inside of cells causing them to damage cells in the body
How do antitoxins help defend against disease and fight infections?
They help to neutralize the effect of toxins made by the pathogens, since the anti toxins bind and counteract with the poiosionous toxins and destroy them.
If you have been
infected with a
specific type of
bacteria, can that
bacteria invade
your body again?
Will you become
ill?
Yes it can, but it will not make us feel sick. Antibodies can be reformed quickly after reinfection due to the lymphocytes being memory cells, they’re able to quickly recognize and destroy microbes before they multiply and make us feel sick, causing antibody production to increase, and antibodies are able to act quickly when the individual is infected with the bacteria again, because the The immune system keeps a record of every microbe it has ever defeated.
A person can be immunized against a disease by injecting them with an inactive form of a pathogen.
Explain how this makes the person immune to the disease.
WBC stimulate antibody production, leading to a rapid production of antibodies on re-infection.
What is immunity?
The immune system protecting the human body to prevent an infectious disease.
What happens if a large quantity of the population is immune to a pathogen?
The spread of pathogens will be reduced.
Less likelihood to have an infectious disease.
Higher likelihood of survival.
How can people be immunized?
By having small quantities of dead or inactive forms of the pathogens being inserted and introduced to the body by vaccination.
What are vaccines function?
Stimulate WBC to produce antibodies to destroy pathogens.
How can vaccines cause an individual to be immune to a specific microorganism?
Vaccines stimulate the WBC to produce antibodies. leading to more pathogens being destroyed. This can cause the person to be immune to future infections by this pathogen, since the body can respond rapidly by making the correct antibody which destroy microorganisms.
What does the MMR vaccine protect children against?
MMR= measles,mumps,rubella
What are the advantages and disadvantages of vaccines?
Adv- diseases that were more common before became rare due to the worldwide spread of vaccines.
Adv- epidemics can be prevented if a large number of populations were to be vaccinated, preventing a huge number of death.
Dis- vaccines tend to have lots of side effects, such as swelling or a rash.
Dis- vaccines don’t always give immunity.
(A)What is the first defense system? (B)State the chemical and physical ways to prevent microorganism entry-
Skin is the first defense system which prevents the entry of microorganisms.
Physical-
Hair and mucus in nose trap pathogens.
Chemical-
Ciliated epithelial cells are found in the respiratory tract and the cilia lining in the trachea, trap dust and microorganisms to prevent the lungs from getting an infection.
Natural flora in the gut and vagina which protect humans against pathogens.
Glands in the stomach help produce hydrochloric acid in the stomach lining (pepsin enzymes work best in these conditions, and also to kill bacteria.)
What are glands?
Glands are special tissues in the body that help to create and release substances
How are antibodies designed to help fight off infection and disease?
Antibodies have a complementary shape to antigens on the pathogens surface/ or virus, etc, these AB bind and attach themselves to the antigens, destroying these antigens by signaling to other cells in the immune system to destroy the pathogen/virus
What are lymphocytes? What is their function?
Main type of WBC.
Each WBC produce 1 type of antibody.
Involved in the specific immune response
Where are the WBC found? Where are they made?
Theyre found through the blood stream, so tha they’re able to act quickly if viruses were to enter the body.
WBC are made in the bone marrow
What process happens when WBC surrounds/ engulfs and destroy pathogens?
Phagocytosis
How are diseases spread?
Through droplets (spit), direct contact, contaminated food, wounds
