Digestion

Question 1

What is Carbohydrase?

Answer 1

Digestive enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of starch into sugars, in mouth and small intestine.

Question 2

What is a Catalyst?

Answer 2

Substance that speeds up the rate of reaction without being used up itself.

Question 3

What is an Enzyme?

Answer 3

Biological catalyst, a protein.

Question 4

What is the Large intestine?

Answer 4

Takes food waste from small intestine and removes water, makes faeces.

Question 5

What is Lipase?

Answer 5

Digestive enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of lipids into glycerol and fatty acids.

Question 6

What is a Nutrient?

Answer 6

Substance needed by the body in order to survive and grow, e.g. protein.

Question 7

What is Protease?

Answer 7

Digestive enzyme that catalyses the breakdown of proteins into amino acids, in stomach and small intestine.

Question 8

What is the Small intestine?

Answer 8

Long, narrow digestive tube, soluble food molecules absorbed into blood, between stomach and large intestine, also called small bowel.

Question 9

What is the Stomach?

Answer 9

Part of digestive tract, contains very strong acid, between oesophagus and small intestine.

Question 10

What is the primary role of the stomach in the digestive system?

Answer 10

Churning food to break it into smaller pieces, producing protease enzymes, and producing stomach acid.

Protease enzymes, such as pepsin, digest proteins into amino acids.

Question 11

What are protease enzymes responsible for?

Answer 11

Digesting proteins into amino acids.

An example of a protease enzyme is pepsin.

Question 12

What type of tissue in the stomach secretes substances like enzymes and stomach acid?

Answer 12

Glandular tissue.

Glandular tissue contains specialized cells for secretion.

Question 13

Which type of tissue in the stomach allows for the churning of food?

Answer 13

Muscle tissue.

Muscle tissue contains cells that can contract.

Question 14

What type of tissue lines the stomach?

Answer 14

Epithelial tissue.

Question 15

How is the stomach classified in terms of biological organization?

Answer 15

As an organ.

An organ is a group of tissues that work together to perform a specific function.

Question 16

What does the stomach work with to carry out digestion?

Answer 16

A series of other organs in the digestive system.

Question 17

Fill in the blank: The stomach contains cells that are specialized to secrete _______.

Answer 17

protease enzymes, stomach acid, or mucus.

Question 18

True or False: The stomach is only made up of muscle tissue.

Answer 18

False.

The stomach consists of multiple tissue types, including glandular and epithelial tissues.

Question 19

What is the primary function of the mouth in digestion?

Answer 19

Food is ingested and teeth break it apart during mechanical digestion

This increases the surface area for chemical digestion.

Question 20

What role do salivary glands play in digestion?

Answer 20

Saliva is secreted into the mouth

The enzyme amylase in saliva begins to digest starch into maltose.

Question 21

What is the function of the oesophagus?

Answer 21

Connects the mouth to the stomach and facilitates peristalsis

Contractions of the walls force food downwards.

Question 22

What process continues in the stomach during digestion?

Answer 22

Churning of the muscular stomach walls continues mechanical digestion

Protease enzymes begin protein digestion.

Question 23

What is the role of hydrochloric acid in the stomach?

Answer 23

Provides a suitable pH for enzymes and destroys pathogens in food

Essential for protein digestion.

Question 24

What is produced in the liver that aids in digestion?

Answer 24

Bile

Bile aids the digestion of fats and neutralises stomach acid.

Question 25

Where is bile stored before it is released into the duodenum?

Answer 25

Gall bladder ## Footnote Bile is released via the bile duct.

Question 26

What enzymes does the pancreas produce?

Answer 26

Amylase, protease, and lipase ## Footnote These enzymes are released into the small intestine.

Question 27

What happens to the acidic stomach contents in the small intestine?

Answer 27

They are neutralised by bile and become slightly alkaline ## Footnote Enzymes complete chemical digestion here.

Question 28

What is the function of villi in the small intestine?

Answer 28

Food and water are absorbed into the blood ## Footnote Villi increase the surface area for absorption.

Question 29

What occurs in the large intestine?

Answer 29

Remaining water is absorbed from food into the blood ## Footnote Solid waste left behind forms faeces.

Question 30

What is the role of the rectum in the digestive system?

Answer 30

Stores faeces prior to egestion ## Footnote It is the final section of the digestive tract.

Question 31

How does faeces leave the body?

Answer 31

Via the anus; this is egestion ## Footnote Egestion is the process of expelling waste.

Question 32

What is the role of bacteria in the large intestine?

Answer 32

They play an essential role in human digestion by: * breaking down substances we can’t digest * supplying essential nutrients * providing competition with harmful bacteria to restrict their growth ## Footnote The large intestine hosts a diverse microbial ecosystem that is crucial for digestive health.

Question 33

Fill in the blank: The large intestine is home to hundreds of species of _______.

Answer 33

bacteria ## Footnote These bacteria contribute to a healthy digestive system.

Question 34

True or False: The bacteria in the large intestine only help in breaking down food.

Answer 34

False ## Footnote They also supply essential nutrients and compete with harmful bacteria.

Question 35

What are the three essential roles of bacteria in the large intestine?

Answer 35

* breaking down substances we can’t digest * supplying essential nutrients * providing competition with harmful bacteria ## Footnote This microbial ecosystem is vital for maintaining digestive health.

Question 36

What enzyme is used to breakdown starch?

Answer 36

Amylase ## Footnote Amylase digests starch into maltose.

Question 37

What does amylase digest starch into?

Answer 37

Maltose ## Footnote Maltose is a disaccharide composed of glucose.

Question 38

How can starch be tested for?

Answer 38

Using iodine solution ## Footnote Iodine solution acts as an indicator for the presence of starch.

Question 39

What is the purpose of using a continuous sampling technique?

Answer 39

To monitor the progress of the reaction ## Footnote Continuous sampling allows for real-time observation of the reaction.

Question 40

At what range of conditions is amylase effective?

Answer 40

At a range of pH values ## Footnote Amylase activity can vary with different pH levels.

Question 41

Fill in the blank: Amylase is an enzyme that digests starch into _______.

Answer 41

Maltose

Question 42

True or False: Iodine solution can be used to indicate the breakdown of starch.

Answer 42

True

Question 43

What is the purpose of digestion?

Answer 43

To break down large, insoluble molecules into smaller, soluble molecules that can be absorbed into the bloodstream ## Footnote This process is essential for nutrient absorption in the body.

Question 44

What types of molecules are typically broken down during digestion?

Answer 44

Large insoluble molecules, such as starch and proteins ## Footnote These molecules are made from chains of smaller molecules.

Question 45

What needs to happen to the chemical bonds in large insoluble molecules during digestion?

Answer 45

They need to be broken ## Footnote Breaking these bonds allows for the absorption of nutrients.

Question 46

What are enzymes?

Answer 46

Biological catalysts that speed up chemical reactions without being used up or changed in the reaction ## Footnote Enzymes play a crucial role in digestion by facilitating the breakdown of food.

Question 47

What do carbohydrases break down?

Answer 47

Carbohydrates to simple sugars

Question 48

What is amylase?

Answer 48

A carbohydrase that breaks down starch into maltose

Question 49

What does maltase do?

Answer 49

Breaks down maltose into glucose

Question 50

Where is amylase produced?

Answer 50

In the salivary glands, pancreas, and small intestine

Question 51

Fill in the blank: Amylase is a _______ that breaks down starch into maltose.

Answer 51

carbohydrase

Question 52

True or False: Amylase is only produced in the pancreas.

Answer 52

False

Question 53

What is the final product of starch breakdown by amylase and maltase?

Answer 53

Glucose

Question 54

What do lipases break down?

Answer 54

Lipids (fats) to glycerol and fatty acids

Question 55

Where are lipase enzymes produced?

Answer 55

In the pancreas

Question 56

Where are lipases secreted into?

Answer 56

The duodenum

Question 57

What is one of the main roles of bile?

Answer 57

To neutralise hydrochloric acid from the stomach ## Footnote Bile is alkaline, which helps to create the right conditions for intestinal enzymes.

Question 58

Why is it important for bile to be alkaline?

Answer 58

Enzymes in the small intestine have a higher optimum pH than those in the stomach ## Footnote This helps ensure effective digestion in the small intestine.

Question 59

What process does bile facilitate to increase fat breakdown?

Answer 59

Emulsification ## Footnote This process breaks down large drops of fat into smaller ones, increasing the surface area for enzyme action.

Question 60

What does emulsification do to fat?

Answer 60

Increases surface area ## Footnote This allows lipase to act more effectively on fats.

Question 61

What enzyme is primarily involved in breaking down fats?

Answer 61

Lipase ## Footnote Lipase chemically breaks down fat (lipids) into glycerol and fatty acids.

Question 62

Fill in the blank: The rate of fat breakdown by lipase is increased due to _______.

Answer 62

alkaline conditions and larger surface area ## Footnote These factors enhance the effectiveness of lipase.

Question 63

True or False: Bile helps enzymes in the small intestine work better by being acidic.

Answer 63

False ## Footnote Bile is alkaline, which is necessary for optimal enzyme function.