digestion

Question 1

After you take your first bite of pie, your ______唾液腺 produce ______唾液 — a mixture of ________ that help lubricate and ______ food. Your teeth work to break down the pie while your tongue mixes it with _______.

Answer 1

After you take your first bite of pie, your salivary glands produce saliva唾液 — a mixture of secretions that help lubricate and break down food. Your teeth work to break down the pie while your tongue mixes it with saliva.

Question 2

As you swallow the bite of pie, muscles in your mouth and throat propel it to your __________, the tube that connects your throat to your stomach. Muscles in the wall of your ___________ create synchronized waves — one after another — that propel the pie into your stomach.

Answer 2

As you swallow the bite of pie, muscles in your mouth and throat propel it to your upper esophagus, the tube that connects your throat to your stomach. Muscles in the wall of your esophagus create synchronized waves — one after another — that propel the pie into your stomach.

Question 3

___________ in your stomach lining produce __________ and enzymes, which mix with the food to form a murky semifluid or paste called ________.

Answer 3

digestive glands in your stomach lining produce stomach acid and enzymes, which mix with the food to form a murky semifluid or paste called chyme.

Question 4

In your ________, digestion continues as chyme from the stomach mixes with a variety of digestive juices from your pancreas, liver and gallbladder:
Pancreas. The pancreas produces digestive enzymes that help break down ____, _____ ____.
Liver. The liver produces ____胆汁, a solution that helps you digest ____.
Gallbladder. The gallbladder stores bile. As fatty food enters the upper portion of your small intestine (the duodenum), the gallbladder squeezes bile into the small intestine through the bile ducts.

Answer 4

In your duodenum, digestion continues as chyme from the stomach mixes with a variety of digestive juices from your pancreas, liver and gallbladder:
Pancreas. The pancreas produces digestive enzymes that help break down proteins, carbohydrates and fats.
Liver. The liver produces bile, a solution that helps you digest fats.
Gallbladder. The gallbladder stores bile. As fatty food enters the upper portion of your small intestine (the duodenum), the gallbladder squeezes bile into the small intestine through the bile ducts.

Question 5

Small intestine —> digestion and absorption (enzyme from _____) , fat digestion
pancreas (upper small intestine)- _____ acid, enzyme break down all macromolecules
____(upper small intestine) - makes _____胆汁 that ____乳化 lipids(fats), to make it easier to digest

Answer 5

Small intestine —> digestion and absorption (enzyme from pancreas) , fat digestion
pancreas (upper small intestine)- neutralize acid, enzyme break down all macromolecules
liver(upper small intestine) - makes bile胆汁 that emulsifies乳化 lipids(fats), to make it easier to digest

Question 6

Mouth and esophagus：
Mechanical digestion-
teeth
Chemical digestion- amylase
Esophagus- peristalsis moves bolus

Answer 6

Mouth and esophagus：
Mechanical digestion-
teeth
Chemical digestion- amylase
Esophagus- peristalsis moves bolus

Question 7

Stomach = protein digestion
Gastric juice
Enzyme pepsin
HCL, pH=2
Churning

Answer 7

Stomach = protein digestion
Gastric juice
Enzyme pepsin
HCL, pH=2
Churning

Question 8

Large surface area aids in nutrient absorption

Answer 8

Large surface area aids in nutrient absorption

Question 9

Large intestine
Colon- water reabsorption
Rectum- stores feces

Answer 9

Large intestine
Colon- water reabsorption
Rectum- stores feces

Question 10

Nonruminant Herbivore
Grasses, herbs, bark, twigs, buds
rabbit

Answer 10

Nonruminant Herbivore

Grasses, herbs, bark, twigs, buds

Question 11

Ruminant Herbivore
High grasses, shrubs, pinecones, mosses, lichens, aquatic plants
cow

Answer 11

Ruminant Herbivore

High grasses, shrubs, pinecones, mosses, lichens, aquatic plants

Question 12

Omnivore
Leaves, berries, grasses, fruits, roots, nuts, eggs, mice, lizards, snakes, worms, carrion
bear

Answer 12

Omnivore
Leaves, berries, grasses, fruits, roots, nuts, eggs, mice, lizards, snakes, worms, carrion
bear

Question 13

Insectivore (Short intestine, no cecum
)
Earthworms, arthropods, snails, slugs
frogs,lizard

Answer 13

Insectivore
Earthworms, arthropods, snails, slugs
frogs,lizard

Question 14

carnivore(shorter gut)
Small mammals, rabbits, birds, insects, fruit, nuts
fox

Answer 14

carnivore(shorter gut)
Small mammals, rabbits, birds, insects, fruit, nuts
fox

Question 15

The rumen serves as a large fermentation vat in which bacteria and other microorganisms reside. These microbes are capable of breaking down feedstuffs that the cow cannot.

Answer 15

The rumen serves as a large fermentation vat in which bacteria and other microorganisms reside. These microbes are capable of breaking down feedstuffs that the cow cannot.

Question 16

Digestion in humans occurs by moving food through an alimentary canal消化道 divided into specialized compartments via ______蠕动.

Answer 16

Digestion in humans occurs by moving food through an alimentary canal divided into specialized compartments via peristalsis蠕动.

Question 17

Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the oral cavity

Answer 17

Mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the oral cavity

Question 18

Proteinsare broken down with gastric juice and churning in the ____________.

Answer 18

Proteinsare broken down with gastric juice and churning in the stomach.

Question 19

Enzymes secreted by the ____________and epithelial cells, and bile secreted from the liver/gallbladder, break down all macromolecules in the ______ where nutrients and water are absorbed.

Answer 19

Enzymes secreted by the pancrea and epithelial cells, and bile secreted from the liver/gallbladder, break down all macromolecules in the small intestine where nutrients and water are absorbed.

Question 20

In the large intestine, water is absorbed in the colon and the ____________helps ferment plant materials in some animals.

Answer 20

In the large intestine, water is absorbed in the colon and the Rectum helps ferment plants materials in some animals

Question 21

Herbivores employ bacteria to break down cellulose. _____前场 fermenters generally house bacteria in a four chambered stomach called a ____________. ____后肠 fermenters house bacteria in an enlarged cecum or large intestine.

Answer 21

Herbivores employ bacteria to break down cellulose. Foregut fermenters generally house bacteria in a four chambered stomach called a rumen. Hindgut fermenters house bacteria in an enlarged cecum盲肠 or large intestine.

Question 22

Ingestion(______) —> Digestion(_______ ) —> Absorption(nurient molecules enter body cells) —> Elimination(undigested material)

Answer 22

Ingestion(mechanical digestion) —> Digestion(chemical digestion - enzymes ) —> Absorption(nurient molecules enter body cells) —> Elimination(undigested material)

Question 23

stomach digest protein, small intestine gitest macromolecules

Answer 23

stomach digest protein, small intestine gitest macromolecules

Question 24

The stomach is divided into a series of chambers to slow digestion and give tough plant material time to break down. They rely on microbes in the rumen to break down cellulose. They regurgitate, rechew and reswallow partly digested food.

Answer 24

The stomach is divided into a series of chambers to slow digestion and give tough plant material time to break down. They rely on microbes in the rumen to break down cellulose. They regurgitate, rechew and reswallow partly digested food.