Digestion & Absorption (except process)

Question 1

Arrangement when tooth is embedded in sockets

Answer 1

Thecodont

Question 2

Two sets of teeth during a lifetime

Answer 2

Diphyodont

Question 3

Four different types of teeth

Answer 3

Heterodont

Question 4

Arrangement of teeth in each ½ of the upper and lower jaw in adult humans

Answer 4

2123/2123 in the order of I,C,PM,M.

Question 5

Tongue is attached to the floor of buccal cavity by

Answer 5

Lingual frenulum

Question 6

Tongue has small projections called

Answer 6

Papillae.

*Some of them bear taste buds.

Question 7

Cartilaginous flap that prevents the entry of food into the wind pipe is

Answer 7

Epiglottis.

Question 8

Glottis is the opening of

Answer 8

Wind pipe.

Question 9

_______ regulates the opening of oesophagus into the stomach.

Answer 9

Gastro oesophageal sphincter

Question 10

Regions of small intestine are best described as:
C-shaped =
Long coiled middle portion =
Highly coiled =

Answer 10

C-shaped=duodenum
Long coiled middle portion = jejunum
Highly coiled = ileum

Question 11

Opening of stomach into duodenum is guarded by

Answer 11

Pyloric sphincter

Question 12

______ is a small blind sac that hosts some symbiotic micro-organisms.

Answer 12

Coecum.

Question 13

Narrow finger like tubular projection that arises from caecum is

Answer 13

Vermiform appendix, vestigial organ.

Question 14

Layers of wall of alimentary canal from outside to in is

Answer 14

Serosa -muscularis -sub mucosa -mucosa

Question 15

Serosa is

Answer 15

Outermost layer m/o thin mesothelium ( epithelium of visceral organs) with some connective tissue.

Question 16

Muscularis is

Answer 16

Formed by smooth muscles- usually inner circular and outer longitudinal

Question 17

Sub-mucosal layer is formed of

Answer 17

Loose connective tissue containing nerves, blood and lymph vessels.

Question 18

Duodenal glands are present in ______ layer of alimentary canal wall.

Answer 18

Sub-mucosa.

Question 19

Innermost layer that lines the lumen of alimentary canal is

Answer 19

Mucosa

Question 20

Mucosa forms:

1) Rugae (irregular folds) in stomach
2) Villi (Small finger like foldings) in small intestine
3) Both
4) None

Answer 20

Both.

Mucosa also forms gastric glands and crypts of lieberkuhn.

Question 21

Goblet cells are found in which layer of the alimentary canal

Answer 21

Mucosa

Question 22

Lacteal is

Answer 22

Large lymph vessel present in villi.

* help in absorption of fats.

Question 23

Select the wrong one:

1) Parotids - cheek
2) Sub-maxillary/sub-mandibular - lower jaw
3) Sub-linguals - below the tongue
4) Infra orbitals - not in man; found in cats and dogs.

Answer 23

All are correct.

Question 24

Parotids = stensons duct
Sub-mandibular = whartins duct
Sub-lingual = duct of rivinus
Are these correctly matched? If not,give the correct duct for each of these.

Answer 24

All are correct... i.e.,
Parotids = stensons duct
Sub-mandibular = whartins duct
Sub-lingual = duct of rivinus
Pnemonic: Plz See My Wife she’s Lovely and; Respectable.

Question 25

Name some minor salivary glands and their secretions?

Answer 25

1) Goblet cells - produce mucus. 2) Nuhn cels - produce saliva (that has no amylase) 3) # Ebners cells - produce saliva that has salivary lipase.

Question 26

Which hormone assists in chemical regulation of saliva?

Answer 26

Kalkarin/kaladin. | Its a hormone secreted by blood vessels walls that are around salivary glands.

Question 27

_________ are the structural and functional units of liver conatining ______cells arranged in the form of cords.

Answer 27

Hepatic lobules are the str. and func. units of liver containing hepatic cells arranged in the form of cords.

Question 28

Duct of gall bladder is

Answer 28

Cystic duct.

Question 29

Bile is stored and concentrated 10 times in

Answer 29

Gall bladder.

Question 30

____and____ from the common bile duct.

Answer 30

Cystic duct and hepatic duct.

Question 31

_____ and _____ form the hepato-pancreatic duct.

Answer 31

Bile duct and the pancreatic duct.

Question 32

Hepato-pancreatic duct is guarded by

Answer 32

Sphincter of oddi.

Question 33

Name the main and accessory duct of pancreas

Answer 33

Duct of wirsung (main) | Duct of santorini (accessory)

Question 34

_________ regulates the opening of common bile duct.

Answer 34

Sphincter of boyden.

Question 35

Hepato pancreatic duct is also called

Answer 35

Ampula of vater.

Question 36

Common bile duct is also k/a

Answer 36

Ductus cholidocus.

Question 37

Exocrine part of pancreas secrete

Answer 37

Alkaline pancreatic juice containing enzymes.

Question 38

Endocrine part of pancreas secrete

Answer 38

Hormones_insulin and glucagon.

Question 39

Mucus in saliva helps in

Answer 39

Lubricating and adhering masticated food particles into a bolus.

Question 40

Why is the composition of Saliva ?

Answer 40

Saliva secreted into the oral cavity contains electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-) and enzymes, salivary amylase and lysozyme.

Question 41

The chemical process of digestion is initiated in

Answer 41

the oral cavity by hydrolytic action of carbohydrate splitting enzyme, the salivary amylase.

Question 42

___% starch is hydrolysed in buccal cavity.

Answer 42

30%

Question 43

Salivary amylase works in a pH of

Answer 43

6.8

Question 44

Lysozyme present in saliva is

Answer 44

Antibacterial agent that prevents infection.

Question 45

Name the major types of cells of gastric glands along with their secretion ?

Answer 45

▪️Mucus neck cells- secrete mucus ▪️Peptic/chief cells- secrete pro enzyme pepsinogen. ▪️Parietal/oxyntic cells- secrete HCl and CIF(castles intrinsic factor) that’s required for absorption of vit. B12

Question 46

Food remains in stomach for

Answer 46

4-5hrs

Question 47

Gastric juice contains

Answer 47

``` Pepsinogen Mucus and bicarbonates Rennin HCl CIF (castles intrinsic factor) Small amount of lipase. ```

Question 48

Mucus and bicarbonates present in gastric juice play role in

Answer 48

Lubrication and protection of the mucosal epithelium from excoriation by the highly conc. HCl

Question 49

Rennin is a

Answer 49

Proteolytic enzyme found in gastric juice of infants which helps in the digestion of milk proteins

Question 50

Pancreatic juice contains

Answer 50

``` Trypsinogen Chymotrypsinogen Procarboxypeptidases Amylases Lipases Nucleases ```

Question 51

Trypsinogen is activated into trypsin by an enzyme ________ which is secreted by _______.

Answer 51

Trypsinogen is activated by an enzyme ‘enterokinase’ secrete by ‘intestinal mucosa’ , into active trypsin which in turn activates the other enzymes in the pancreatic juice.

Question 52

Bile contains

Answer 52

``` Bile pigments= bilirubin, bili-verdin Bile salts Cholesterol Phospholipids But NO ENZYMES. ```

Question 53

Secretions of goblet cells constitute

Answer 53

The intestinal juice/succus enterricus

Question 54

Intestinal juice contains

Answer 54

Variety of disaccharides (e.g. Maltase) Dipeptides Lipases Nucleosidases

Question 55

_________ protects the intestinal mucosa from acid as well as provide an alkaline medium (7.8) for enzymatic activity

Answer 55

Mucus and bicarbonates from pancreas. | * sub-mucosal glands/Brunners glands also help in this.

Question 56

No significant digestion occurs in large intestine. | T/F

Answer 56

True.

Question 57

Activities of gastro-intestinal tract are under neural and hormonal regulation for proper co-ordination of different parts. (T/F)

Answer 57

True.

Question 58

Give the gross calorific values of a) carbohydrates b) proteins c) fats

Answer 58

a) carbohydrates = 4.1 kcal/g b) proteins = 5.65 kcal/g c) fats = 9.45 kcal/g

Question 59

Give the physiologic calorific values of a) carbohydrates b) proteins c) fats

Answer 59

a) carbohydrates = 4 kcal/g b) proteins = 4 kcal/g c) fats = 9 kcal/g

Question 60

______,______,_____ are absorbed by simple diffusion.

Answer 60

Small amounts of monosaccharides like glucose, aminoacids and some electrolytes like Cl- ion

Question 61

_____ and _____ are absorbed withe help of carrier proteins.

Answer 61

Glucose and aminoacids.

Question 62

Fatty acids and glycerol are absorbed by

Answer 62

Lymph vessels called lacteals.

Question 63

How are fats absorbed?

Answer 63

Fats cant be directly absorbed into the blood stream. They’re first incorporated into small droplets called ‘micelles’ which move into the intestinal mucosa. They’re re-formed into very small protein coated fat globules called ‘chylomicron’ which are transported into lacteal in the villi that ultimately release the absorbed substances into the blood stream.

Question 64

Miscelles are formed in ______ and have the covering of ________.

Answer 64

Formed in intestinal lumen | Have a covering of bile salts.

Question 65

Chylomicron is formed in ______ and has a covering of ________.

Answer 65

Formed in enterrocyte. | Covering of protein.

Question 66

____ and _____ give characteristic smell to urine.

Answer 66

Indole and sketole.

Question 67

____ gives colour to urine.

Answer 67

Urochrome

Question 68

______ gives colour to faecal matter.

Answer 68

Stercobillin.