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Grade 11 Bio > Digestion and Absorption > Flashcards

Digestion and Absorption Flashcards

1
Q

What is digestion?

A

Digestion is the process by which complex food substances are converted into simpler absorbable forms.

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2
Q

Why do we need digestion?

A

Biomacromolecules in food cannot be utilised by our body in its original form. They have to be broken down into simple substances in the digestive system.

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3
Q

Digestion is carried out by ______________ and ______________ methods.

A

Digestion is carried out by mechanical and biochemical methods.

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4
Q

Thecodont

A

Each tooth is embedded in the socket of the jaw bone. This type of arrangement is called thecodont.

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5
Q

Diphyodont

A

Dentition in which two sets of teeth are formed during a lifetime, i.e. deciduous teeth and permanent teeth.

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6
Q

Heterodont

A

Dentition in which teeth are differentiated into various types.

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7
Q

Dental formula in adult human beings-

A

2123/2123 (Incisors, Canines, Pre Molars, Molars)

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8
Q

Dental formula in children-

A

212/212 (I,C,M)

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9
Q

Functions of teeth:

A

Mastication of food

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10
Q

Tongue

A
  • Freely movable muscular organ
  • Mixes food with saliva.
  • Attached to buccal cavity by frenulum
  • Has papillae on surface, some of which bears
    taste buds.
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11
Q

Epiglottis

A

Cartilaginous flap that prevents food from entering the glottis (opening of the wind pipe) during swallowing.

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12
Q

Stomach

A
  • J-shaped bag like structure.
  • Located in the upper left portion of the abdominal
    cavity.
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13
Q

Gastro-oesophageal Sphincter

A

Regulates the opening of oesophagus into the stomach.

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14
Q

Parts of the Stomach

A
  • Cardiac portion: oesophagus opens into this region
  • Fundus
  • Body: central portion
  • Pyloric: opens into small intestine (duodenum)
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15
Q

Parts of the Small Intestine

A
  • C-shaped duodenum
  • Long coiled middle portion- jejunum
  • Highly coiled ileum
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16
Q

Pyloric Sphincter

A

Controls the opening of stomach into duodenum.

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17
Q

Parts of Large Intestine

A
  • Caecum
  • Colon
  • Rectum
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18
Q

Caecum

A

Small, blind sac which contains some symbiotic microorganisms.

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19
Q

Vermiform Appendix

A

It is a vestigial organ. It is a narrow, tubular projection that arises from the caecum.

20
Q

Parts of the Colon

A
  • Ascending Colon
  • Transverse Colon
  • Descending Colon
  • Sigmoid Colon
21
Q

Serosa

A
  • Outermost layer
  • made of thin mesothelium (epithelium of visceral
    organs) with some connective tissues.
22
Q

Muscularis

A
  • Formed by smooth muscles
  • Usually arranged into inner circular and outer
    longitudinal layers.
  • An oblique muscle layer may be present in some
    regions.
23
Q

Sub mucosa

A
  • Formed by loose connective tissue consisting of
    nerves, blood and lymph vessels.
  • In the duodenum, glands are present in the sub
    mucosa (Brunner’s glands)
24
Q

Mucosa

A
  • Innermost layer, lines the lumen
  • forms irregular folds in the stomach (rugae)
  • forms finger like projections (villi) in the small intestine
  • The cells lining the villi produce numerous
    microscopic projections (microvilli) giving a brush
    border appearance.
  • Villi are supplied with a network of capillaries and a
    large lymph vessel (lacteal).
  • Mucosa has gastric glands in the stomach and crypts
    at the bases of villi (Crypts of Lieberkühn)
25
Q

Salivary Glands

A
  • Parotids (cheeks)
  • Sub-mandibular/ sub-maxillary (lower jaw)
  • Sub- lingual (below tongue)
26
Q

Hepatic Lobules

A

Structural and functional unit of liver.

27
Q

Glisson’s capsule

A

Thin connective tissue sheath that covers the lobule.

28
Q

Mucosal Epithelium

A

Mucosal epithelium contains goblet cells which secrete mucus.

29
Q

Gall bladder

A

Thin muscular sac which stores bile

30
Q

Hepatic duct

A

Connects liver to gall bladder

31
Q

Common bile duct

A

Cystic duct + Hepatic duct

32
Q

Hepato-pancreatic duct

A
  • Common bile duct + Pancreatic duct
  • Opens into duodenum
  • Guarded by Sphincter of Oddi
33
Q

Pancreas is ___________ organ.

A

Compound (both exocrine and endocrine)

34
Q

Where are the pancreas situated?

A

Between the C-shaped limbs of the duodenum

35
Q

Exocrine function of pancreas

A

Secretes alkaline pancreatic juice containing enzymes.

36
Q

Endocrine function of pancreas

A

Secretes hormones, insulin and glucagon.

37
Q

Substances found in saliva

A

Electrolytes (Na+, K+, Cl-, HCO3-), Lysozyme, Enzymes, Amylase

38
Q

Mucus Neck Cells

A

Secrete mucus

39
Q

Peptic cells, Chief cells or Zymogen cells

A

Secrete pepsinogen

40
Q

Parietal cells or Oxyntic cells

A

Secrete HCl and intrinsic factor (required for absorption of Vitamin B12)

41
Q

What are the substances found in bile?

A

Bile pigments (bilirubin and biliverdin), Cholesterol, Bile salts, phospholipids.

42
Q

Absorption

A

Process by which end products of digestion pass through the intestinal mucosa into the blood or lymph.

43
Q

Simple diffusion

A
  • Higher gradient to lower concentration gradient.

- Eg: glucose, amino acids, chloride ions

44
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A
  • With the help of carrier proteins

- Eg: glucose, amino acids

45
Q

Active transport

A
  • occurs against the concentration gradient.
  • therefore requires energy
  • Eg: glucose, amino acids, Na+
46
Q

Absorption of fats

A
  • Converted into small drops called micelles which move into intestinal mucosa.
  • Formed into small protein covered globules called chylomicrons.
  • They are then transported into lymph vessels in the villi.
  • It is then released into the blood stream.
47
Q

Assimilation

A

Process by which absorbed substances reach the tissues and is used for their activities.

Grade 11 Bio (2 decks)

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